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Its common wisdom that for "small" objects such as ints and floats, its
more efficient to pass and return them by value than to use const ref
because they can be stored cheaply in a register or directly on the stack.
This can also be true for trivially copyable types which are also small.

Determining whether a particular type is passed by value or by const ref is
a platform specific decision. In order to optimize across this domain, the
programmer has to know the details of each platform and somehow
conditionally handle the differences. In generic templated code, this gets
even harder. Something platform specific like this should be the
responsibility of the implementation, so how about we add 2 new type traits
to allow the implementation to decide the optimal way to pass parameters
for us.

template <typename T>
struct cpass {
  using type = /* const T or const T&, whichever is most optimal for
passing as an argument to a function */;
};

template <typename T> using cpass_t = typename cpass<T>::type;

template <typename T>
struct cret {
  using type = /* const T or const T&, whichever is most optimal for
returning from a function*/;
};

template <typename T> using cret_t = typename cret<T>::type;


Suppose we have a hypothetical platform where passing objects of size <= 16
and return objects of size <= 8 is optimal by value. These could be
trivially implemented on that platform.

template <typename T>
struct cpass : public
  std::conditional<std::is_trivially_copyable<T>::value && sizeof(T) <= 16,
  const T, const T&> {};

template <typename T>
struct cret : public
  std::conditional<std::is_trivially_copyable<T>::value && sizeof(T) <= 8,
  const T, const T&> {};

Examples:

template <typename T>
class SomeContainer {
  T& operator[](int i);
  std::cret_t<T> operator[](int i) const;
};

template <typename T>
int computeSomething(T& out_param, std::cpass_t<T> in1, std::pass_t<T> in2);





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<div dir=3D"ltr">Its common wisdom that for "small" objects such as ints an=
d floats, its more efficient to pass and return them by value than to use c=
onst ref because they can be stored cheaply in a register or directly on th=
e stack. This can also be true for trivially copyable types which are also =
small.<div><br></div><div>Determining whether a particular type is passed b=
y value or by const ref is a platform specific decision. In order to optimi=
ze across this domain, the programmer has to know the details of each platf=
orm and somehow conditionally handle the differences. In generic templated =
code, this gets even harder. Something platform specific like this should b=
e the responsibility of the implementation, so how about we add 2 new type =
traits to allow the implementation to decide the optimal way to pass parame=
ters for us.</div><div><br></div><div><div class=3D"prettyprint" style=3D"b=
ackground-color: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); =
word-wrap: break-word;"><code class=3D"prettyprint"><div class=3D"subpretty=
print"><font color=3D"#660066"><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled=
-by-prettify">template</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-b=
y-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettif=
y">&lt;</span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">typ=
ename</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> T</s=
pan><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&gt;</span><s=
pan style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br></span><span st=
yle=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">struct</span><span style=
=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> cpass </span><span style=3D=
"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">{</span><span style=3D"color: #=
000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>&nbsp; </span><span style=3D"color: =
#008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">using</span><span style=3D"color: #000;=
" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> type </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" cl=
ass=3D"styled-by-prettify">=3D</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"=
styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #800;" class=3D"styled-by=
-prettify">/* const T or const T&amp;, whichever is most optimal for passin=
g as an argument to a function */</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"style=
d-by-prettify"><br></span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-p=
rettify">};</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"=
><br><br></span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">t=
emplate</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </=
span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&lt;</span><=
span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">typename</span><sp=
an style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> T</span><span style=
=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&gt;</span><span style=3D"co=
lor: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #008=
;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">using</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" cl=
ass=3D"styled-by-prettify"> cpass_t </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" cla=
ss=3D"styled-by-prettify">=3D</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"s=
tyled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-=
prettify">typename</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-pr=
ettify"> cpass</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-pretti=
fy">&lt;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">T<=
/span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&gt;::</spa=
n><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">type</span><spa=
n style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span><span style=
=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br><br></span><span style=
=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">template</span><span style=
=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color=
: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&lt;</span><span style=3D"color: #008=
;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">typename</span><span style=3D"color: #000;"=
 class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> T</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=
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yled-by-prettify"><br></span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-b=
y-prettify">struct</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-pr=
ettify"> cret </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-pretti=
fy">{</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>&=
nbsp; </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">usin=
g</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> type </s=
pan><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">=3D</span><sp=
an style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=
=3D"color: #800;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">/* const T or const T&amp;, =
whichever is most optimal for returning from a function*/</span><span style=
=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span><span style=3D"color=
: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br></span><span style=3D"color: #660=
;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">};</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br><br></span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify">template</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"style=
d-by-prettify">&lt;</span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-p=
rettify">typename</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-pre=
ttify"> T</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&=
gt;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span=
><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">using</span><spa=
n style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> cret_t </span><span =
style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">=3D</span><span style=
=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color=
: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">typename</span><span style=3D"color: =
#000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> cret</span><span style=3D"color: #660;=
" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&lt;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" clas=
s=3D"styled-by-prettify">T</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styl=
ed-by-prettify">&gt;::</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-b=
y-prettify">type</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-pret=
tify">;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br=
><br></span></font></div></code></div><div><br></div>Suppose we have a hypo=
thetical platform where passing objects of size &lt;=3D 16 and return objec=
ts of size &lt;=3D 8 is optimal by value. These could be trivially implemen=
ted on that platform.<br><br></div><div><div class=3D"prettyprint" style=3D=
"background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187)=
; word-wrap: break-word;"><code class=3D"prettyprint"><div class=3D"subpret=
typrint"><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">template=
</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><s=
pan style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&lt;</span><span st=
yle=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">typename</span><span styl=
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lass=3D"styled-by-prettify">struct</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify"> cpass </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D=
"styled-by-prettify">:</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-b=
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or: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 1px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); word-wrap: br=
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style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">template</span><span st=
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by-prettify">class</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-pr=
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prettify">&amp;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prett=
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ator</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">[](</s=
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color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">::</span><span style=3D"color: #=
000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">cret_t</span><span style=3D"color: #660;=
" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&lt;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" clas=
s=3D"styled-by-prettify">T</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styl=
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n><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> i</span><span =
style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">)</span><span style=3D"=
color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #0=
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class=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"=
styled-by-prettify"><br></span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled=
-by-prettify">};</span></font></div></code></div><div><br></div><div class=
=3D"prettyprint" style=3D"background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 1px=
 solid rgb(187, 187, 187); word-wrap: break-word;"><code class=3D"prettypri=
nt"><div class=3D"subprettyprint"><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"sty=
led-by-prettify">template</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"style=
d-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-pret=
tify">&lt;</span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">=
typename</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> T=
</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&gt;</span=
><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br></span><span=
 style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">int</span><span style=
=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> computeSomething</span><spa=
n style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">(</span><span style=
=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">T</span><span style=3D"color=
: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&amp;</span><span style=3D"color: #00=
0;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> out_param</span><span style=3D"color: #66=
0;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">,</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify"> std</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"st=
yled-by-prettify">::</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-=
prettify">cpass_t</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-pre=
ttify">&lt;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"=
>T</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&gt;</sp=
an><font color=3D"#000000"><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-=
prettify"> in1</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-pretti=
fy">,</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> std<=
/span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">::</span><s=
pan style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">pass_t</span><span =
style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&lt;</span><span style=
=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">T</span><span style=3D"color=
: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&gt;</span><span style=3D"color: #000=
;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> in2</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" cla=
ss=3D"styled-by-prettify">);</span></font></div></code></div><br><br><br></=
div><div><div><br></div><div><br></div></div></div>

<p></p>

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