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For both scoped and unscoped enums, the range of enumeration values in
general contains values not defined by any of its enumerators.  (As the
range of enumeration values is the range of the underlying type if the
underlying type is fixed, or else the range of the smallest bit-field large
enough to hold all the enumerator values.)  This poses problems in static
code analysis, where it is unclear whether the programmer intended to use
an enumeration as just a set of its enumerators, or as the full range of
enumeration values.
For example, in
enum class E { E1, E2 };
int f(E e) {
  int n;
  switch (e) {
  case E::E1: n = 1; break;
  case E::E2: n = 2; break;
  }
  return n;
}
a static analyzer should arguably warn that n may be used uninitialized in
the return statement.  But if the programmer knows that objects of type E
are intended to only ever carry values E1 or E2, they would try to silence
the analyzer with clumsy code like
int f(E e) {
  int n;
  switch (e) {
  case E::E1: n = 1; break;
  case E::E2: n = 2; break;
  default: std::abort(); // cannot happen
  }
  return n;
}
A better solution could be to introduce an "enum union" construct into the
language, that would behave exactly like a scoped enumeration, but whose
enumeration values would be exactly the set of its enumerator values.
(Converting an integer outside that set to such an enumeration type would
result in undefined behavior, per the existing wording of
[expr.static.cast]).
This looks like too obvious an enhancement that it wouldn't have been
discussed before, but I failed to find anything relevant.  Any thoughts?

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<div dir=3D"ltr">For both scoped and unscoped enums, the range of enumerati=
on values in general contains values not defined by any of its enumerators.=
=C2=A0 (As the range of enumeration values is the range of the underlying t=
ype if the underlying type is fixed, or else the range of the smallest bit-=
field large enough to hold all the enumerator values.)=C2=A0 This poses pro=
blems in static code analysis, where it is unclear whether the programmer i=
ntended to use an enumeration as just a set of its enumerators, or as the f=
ull range of enumeration values.<br>For example, in<br><div class=3D"pretty=
print" style=3D"background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-color: rgb(187=
, 187, 187); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; word-wrap: break-word;=
"><code class=3D"prettyprint"><div class=3D"subprettyprint"><span style=3D"=
color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">enum</span><span style=3D"color:=
 #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" c=
lass=3D"styled-by-prettify">class</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify"> E </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"sty=
led-by-prettify">{</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-pr=
ettify"> E1</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"=
>,</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> E2 </sp=
an><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">};</span><span=
 style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br></span><span style=
=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">int</span><span style=3D"col=
or: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> f</span><span style=3D"color: #660=
;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">(</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify">E e</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"sty=
led-by-prettify">)</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-pr=
ettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">{=
</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>=C2=A0=
 </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">int</span=
><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> n</span><span s=
tyle=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span><span style=3D"c=
olor: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>=C2=A0 </span><span style=3D"=
color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">switch</span><span style=3D"colo=
r: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #660;"=
 class=3D"styled-by-prettify">(</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D=
"styled-by-prettify">e</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-b=
y-prettify">)</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettif=
y"> </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">{</spa=
n><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>=C2=A0 </sp=
an><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">case</span><sp=
an style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> E</span><span style=
=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">::</span><span style=3D"colo=
r: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">E1</span><span style=3D"color: #660;=
" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">:</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify"> n </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"sty=
led-by-prettify">=3D</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-=
prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #066;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"=
>1</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span>=
<span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span sty=
le=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">break</span><span style=3D=
"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span><span style=3D"color: #=
000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>=C2=A0 </span><span style=3D"color: =
#008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">case</span><span style=3D"color: #000;"=
 class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> E</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify">::</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styl=
ed-by-prettify">E2</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-pr=
ettify">:</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> =
n </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">=3D</spa=
n><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span s=
tyle=3D"color: #066;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">2</span><span style=3D"c=
olor: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span><span style=3D"color: #00=
0;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify">break</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"s=
tyled-by-prettify">;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-=
prettify"><br>=C2=A0 </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by=
-prettify">}</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify=
"><br>=C2=A0 </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettif=
y">return</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> =
n</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span><=
span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br></span><span s=
tyle=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">}</span><span style=3D"c=
olor: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br></span></div></code></div>a s=
tatic analyzer should arguably warn that n may be used uninitialized in the=
 return statement.=C2=A0 But if the programmer knows that objects of type E=
 are intended to only ever carry values E1 or E2, they would try to silence=
 the analyzer with clumsy code like<br><div class=3D"prettyprint" style=3D"=
background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); bor=
der-style: solid; border-width: 1px; word-wrap: break-word;"><code class=3D=
"prettyprint"><div class=3D"subprettyprint"><span style=3D"color: #008;" cl=
ass=3D"styled-by-prettify">int</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"=
styled-by-prettify"> f</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-b=
y-prettify">(</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettif=
y">E e</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">)</s=
pan><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span=
 style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">{</span><span style=3D=
"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>=C2=A0 </span><span style=
=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">int</span><span style=3D"col=
or: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> n</span><span style=3D"color: #660=
;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>=C2=A0 </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" clas=
s=3D"styled-by-prettify">switch</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D=
"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-b=
y-prettify">(</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettif=
y">e</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">)</spa=
n><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span s=
tyle=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">{</span><span style=3D"c=
olor: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>=C2=A0 </span><span style=3D"=
color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">case</span><span style=3D"color:=
 #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> E</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" =
class=3D"styled-by-prettify">::</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D=
"styled-by-prettify">E1</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-=
by-prettify">:</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-pretti=
fy"> n </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">=3D=
</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><s=
pan style=3D"color: #066;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">1</span><span style=
=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span><span style=3D"color=
: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" =
class=3D"styled-by-prettify">break</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"style=
d-by-prettify"><br>=C2=A0 </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styl=
ed-by-prettify">case</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-=
prettify"> E</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify=
">::</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">E2</sp=
an><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">:</span><span =
style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> n </span><span style=
=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">=3D</span><span style=3D"col=
or: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #066;=
" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">2</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify">;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"style=
d-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-pret=
tify">break</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"=
>;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>=C2=
=A0 </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">defaul=
t</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">:</span><=
span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> std</span><span s=
tyle=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">::</span><span style=3D"=
color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">abort</span><span style=3D"color=
: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">();</span><span style=3D"color: #000;=
" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #800;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify">// cannot happen</span><span style=3D"color: #000;"=
 class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>=C2=A0 </span><span style=3D"color: #660;=
" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">}</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>=C2=A0 </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" clas=
s=3D"styled-by-prettify">return</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D=
"styled-by-prettify"> n</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-=
by-prettify">;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-pretti=
fy"><br></span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">}<=
/span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br></span>=
</div></code></div>A better solution could be to introduce an &quot;enum un=
ion&quot; construct into the language, that would behave exactly like a sco=
ped enumeration, but whose enumeration values would be exactly the set of i=
ts enumerator values.=C2=A0 (Converting an integer outside that set to such=
 an enumeration type would result in undefined behavior, per the existing w=
ording of [expr.static.cast]).<br>This looks like too obvious an enhancemen=
t that it wouldn&#39;t have been discussed before, but I failed to find any=
thing relevant.=C2=A0 Any thoughts?<br></div>

<p></p>

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