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Please see the updated version of my "class namespace" proposal.

Abstract: this proposal revives N1420, adding the ability to declare a
"class namespace" (or struct, or union) in much the manner of a regular
namespace:

  struct Foo {
    Foo();
    int bar();
  };

  namespace class Foo {
    Foo() { ... }
    int bar() { ... }
  }

(Reminder: this *just* "hoists" the class name to a scope; new members
may *not* be added.)

I'm hoping that this will be the final version prior to publication.

Online copy:
https://github.com/mwoehlke/cpp-proposals/blob/master/dxxxx-class-namespace.rst

--
Matthew

--

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=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
  Class Namespace
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D

:Document:  DXXXX (TBD)
:Date:      2016-01-26
:Project:   ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21 Programming Language C++
:Audience:  Evolution Working Group
:Author:    Matthew Woehlke (mwoehlke.floss@gmail.com)

=2E. raw:: html

  <style>
    html { color: black; background: white; }
    table.docinfo { margin: 2em 0; }
  </style>

=2E. role:: cpp(code)
   :language: c++

Abstract
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D

This proposal provides a new language feature, "class namespace", as a sh=
ortcut for providing a series of definitions belonging to a class scope, =
similar to the manner in which a traditional namespace can provide a seri=
es of definitions belonging to a namespace scope.

This proposal is effectively a continuation / resurrection of N1420_ whic=
h was tagged for further consideration without being either accepted or r=
ejected. However, much of the text of this proposal was written prior to =
the author's discovery of the same.

In contrast to N1420, we avoid use of the term "reopen", which implies th=
e ability to add to a class. Class definitions are currently closed; memb=
ers may only be added to a class during the initial definition thereof (t=
emplate specialization notwithstanding). Although many have asked for the=
 ability to add members to classes after the definition, such proposals a=
re generally not well received. Although it is not the intent of this pro=
posal to categorically forbid any such future direction, we also recogniz=
e these concerns and specifically do not wish to suggest any movement in =
that direction.

=2E. contents::


Rationale
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D

`Don't Repeat Yourself <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don't_repeat_yourse=
lf>`_ (DRY) is a well known principle of software design. However, there =
are certain instances when providing definitions of class members that ca=
n fall prey to repetition, to the detriment of readability and maintainab=
ility.

We will present, as a particularly egregious example, a complicated templ=
ate class:

=2E. code:: c++

  template <typename CharType, typename Traits, typename Allocator>
  class MyString { ... };

There are strong reasons why method definitions should not be inline. For=
 starters, they inhibit readability; it is difficult to quickly parse the=
 interface |--| especially the public interface |--| as declarations and =
definitions are necessarily interleaved. Additionally, they are *inline*,=
 which results in all manner of compile time and cross-version compatibil=
ity issues. Even for template classes, it is sometimes preferred to keep =
definitions in a separate TU (e.g. extern templates with only specific, e=
xported explicit instantiations).

The problem that arises is the necessity to repeat a long prefix for all =
definitions provided outside of the class definition. For example:

=2E. code:: c++

  template <typename CharType, typename Traits, typename Allocator>
  MyString<CharType, Traits, Allocator>::MyString
  { ... }

This repetition increases the space over which accidental errors may be i=
ntroduced, and increases the work required for refactoring. The problem i=
s compounded for templates within templates.

This is a real, extant problem. Presumably as a result of this overhead, =
some authors will use only inline definitions of methods, which can make =
it difficult to separate implementation details |--| which are often unne=
cessary noise for a user trying to understand a class |--| from a class's=
 interface. Other authors may resort to separating return types, template=
 parameters, class names, and method names, placing each on separate line=
s, resulting in method headers that are four lines long even before the a=
rgument list is considered. In the latter case, the need to repeat the cl=
ass prefix is frustrating and, in the author's opinion, unnecessary.

(See https://groups.google.com/a/isocpp.org/forum/#!topic/std-proposals/e=
0_ceXFQX-A for additional discussion.)

It is also worth noting that this situation is inconsistent with namespac=
es. Given a function declared in a namespace:

=2E. code:: c++

  namespace Foo
  {
    void foo();
  }

=2E..there are currently two ways to provide the definition:

=2E. code:: c++

  // Method 1: fully qualified
  void Foo::foo() { ... }

  // Method 2: namespace scope
  namespace Foo
  {
    void foo() { ... }
  }

There is currently no equivalent to the second form for class members. Th=
is proposal would remove this inconsistency.


Proposal
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D

This proposal is to eliminate the redundancy by introducing a new "class =
scope" syntax, as follows:

=2E. code:: c++

  template <...> // optional; only used for template classes
  namespace class Name
  {
    // definitions of class members
  }

The effect of this scope is to treat each member definition (variable or =
method) as if it were prefixed by the class template specification and na=
me. Specifically, these two codes would be exactly equivalent:

=2E. code:: c++

  // Declarations
  class A { ... };

  template <typename T> class B { ... };

  // Existing syntax
  A::A(...) { ... }
  A::Enum A::foo(...) { ... }
  int A::value =3D ...;

  template <typename T> B<T>::B(...) { ... }
  template <typename T> B<T>& B<T>::operator=3D(B<T> const& other) { ... =
}
  template <typename T> void B<T>::bar(...) { ... }

  // Proposed syntax
  namespace class A {
    A(...) { ... }
    Enum foo() { ... }
    int value =3D ...;
  }

  template <typename T>
  namespace class B {
    B(...) { ... }
    B& operator=3D(B const& other) { ... }
    void bar(...) { ... }
  }

Following the introduction of the scope (i.e. the keywords :cpp:`namespac=
e class`), the template parameters shall be implicitly applied to the cla=
ss name and any subsequent mention of the class name that does not have a=
n explicit argument list. It shall be an error to provide an argument lis=
t for the introducing class name except in the case of specialization. Ty=
pe name look-up within the scope shall additionally consider the class sc=
ope first (note in the above example the use of :cpp:`Enum` without the :=
cpp:`B::` qualifier). (These rules should be applied in the same manner a=
s for a class definition. Note that this only affects non-trailing return=
 types, as other types already use the class scope for type resolution.)

Some consequences of the scope acting simply as a name transformation sho=
uld be noted. First, such a scope can be "opened" on the same class name =
any number of times. Second, definitions in a class name scope may be mix=
ed with traditional, fully qualified definitions (provided that no defini=
tions are duplicated, as always). Third, an empty scope is permissible as=
 long as the named class is recognized. Last, but perhaps most important,=
 the scope does not permit the addition of members not present in the cla=
ss definition, nor in general does it allow the user to accomplish anythi=
ng that could not be accomplished otherwise.

Additionally:

- While :cpp:`namespace class` is being used for illustrative purposes, :=
cpp:`namespace struct` and :cpp:`namespace union` shall also be permitted=
, and shall provide equivalent function. (In general, the use of "class" =
throughout should be understood to mean any class-type.)
- Use of a class name scope requires that the named class has been define=
d. Forward declaration is not sufficient.
- Nested class name scopes are permitted.
- Any members that may legally be defined using their qualified name may =
be defined within a class name scope. This includes member types, member =
functions, and static member variables.
- As with traditional namespaces, a :cpp:`;` is not required following th=
e closing :cpp:`}`.
- Access modifiers are not allowed in a class name scope. The :cpp:`virtu=
al` and :cpp:`static` modifiers are not allowed in a class name scope. (N=
one of these are allowed outside of a class definition, and the class nam=
e scope is not a class definition.)
- A class name scope may not add class members to a class definition.
- This proposal does not affect :cpp:`using` directives. (A :cpp:`using` =
directive on a class name scope remains illegal.)


Specification
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D

The most straight forward way in which to describe this feature is with a=
 syntax transformation. Specifically, the syntax:

=2E. parsed-literal::

  *[<template_specification>]* **namespace class** *<name>* **{**
    *[<type>]* *<member_name><...>*
  **}**

=2E..shall be equivalent to:

=2E. parsed-literal::

  *[<template_specification>]* *[<type>]* *<name>*\ **::**\ *<member_name=
><...>*

=2E..for each *<member_name>* in the scope. Rules for interpretation of m=
embers within a class name scope, and for what sorts of code is permitted=
 or ill-formed, may all be derived directly from this transformation. Typ=
e resolution for the return type (where applicable) shall proceed accordi=
ng to the same rules that would apply within the class definition.


Interactions
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D

The token sequences :cpp:`namespace class`, :cpp:`namespace struct` and :=
cpp:`namespace union` are currently ill-formed, so no existing code would=
 be affected by this proposal. This proposal does make any changes to oth=
er existing language or library features (although implementations would =
be free to make use of it in their standard library implementations, shou=
ld they desire to do so).


Additional Examples
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D

This feature is particularly useful for template members of template clas=
ses, including nested template types:

=2E. code:: c++

  template <typename T> class Foo
  {
    template <typename U> void foo(U);
    template <typename U> class Bar { Bar() };
  };

  template <typename T> namespace class Foo
  {
    template <typename U> void foo(U) { ... }

    template <typename U> class Bar
    {
      Bar() { ... }
    }
  }

  // Compare to the old syntax:
  template <typename T>
  template <typename U>
  void Foo<T>::foo<U>(U) { ... }

  template <typename T>
  template <typename U>
  void Foo<T>::Bar<U>::Bar() { ... }

Per the transformation rule, it works with specializations, as one would =
expect:

=2E. code:: c++

  template <> namespace class Foo<int>
  {
    ...
  }

(Note that this is allowed with or without a specialization of :cpp:`Foo<=
int>`, just as it is currently permitted to specialize class members with=
out specializing the entire class definition. Naturally, if the class def=
inition *is* specialized, then definitions in the corresponding class nam=
e scope must match members declared in said specialization.)


Discussion
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D

Syntax
------

The proposed syntax for introducing the scope is open for debate. Alterna=
tive suggestions include:

#. :cpp:`class namespace <name>`
#. :cpp:`namespace <classname>`
#. Introduction of a new contextual keyword, e.g. :cpp:`class <name> impl=
ementation`.
#. Introduction of a new (global) keyword, e.g. :cpp:`implement class <na=
me>`.

The author considers #1 to be very nearly as good as the suggested syntax=
=2E #2 is okay, but risks confusion, as the reader must know a priori if =
the named scope is a class (the #2 syntax would only introduce a class na=
me scope if the identifier following the :cpp:`namespace` keyword is an a=
lready declared class-type). #3 is of similar quality to #2; it lacks the=
 ambiguity problem, but the indication that "something is different" occu=
rs later, and it does require a new (albeit contextual) keyword. #4 has t=
he advantage of maximum possible clarity, but introducing new keywords wi=
thout breaking existing code is always tricky.

We additionally feel that the proposed syntax is the most consistent with=
 the current state of the language. It maintains the traditional order of=
 tokens, e.g. compared to use of traditional namespaces. It uses tokens i=
n an order than makes sense according to English grammar rules, i.e. *<ve=
rb> <adjective> <noun>* (with :cpp:`namespace` here acting as a verb, ind=
icating that a scope block is starting) with :cpp:`namespace class Foo` c=
omparable to e.g. "open blue ball".

Inline
------

Should :cpp:`inline namespace class <name>` be permitted? The "inline nam=
espace" concept does not make sense in this context. If it is permitted, =
it should be equivalent to including :cpp:`inline` as part of every conta=
ined definition. The author's inclination is to forbid use of :cpp:`inlin=
e` with :cpp:`namespace class`.


Acknowledgments
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D

This proposal is a continuation of N1420_ by Carl Daniel. It was original=
ly written prior to the author's discovery of N1420. The original feature=
 request that spawned this new proposal comes from John Yates. Miro Knejp=
 and P=C3=A9ter Radics contributed valuable suggestions. Other contempora=
ry participants include Larry Evans, Russell Greene, Bjorn Reese, Evan Te=
ran and Andrew Tomazos. (The author also acknowledges prior discussion of=
 a very similar feature: see https://groups.google.com/a/isocpp.org/d/msg=
/std-proposals/xukd1mgd21I/uHjx6YR_EnQJ and https://groups.google.com/a/i=
socpp.org/d/msg/std-proposals/xukd1mgd21I/gh5W0KS856oJ.)


References
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D

=2E. _N1420: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2003/n142=
0.pdf

* N1420_ Class Namespaces

  http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2003/n1420.pdf

=2E. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..=
 .. ..

=2E. |--| unicode:: U+02014 .. em dash

=2E. kate: hl reStructuredText

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If you're going to have the syntax be `namespace class`... maybe you
shouldn't name the proposal and feature "class namespace" ;)

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<div dir="ltr">If you&#39;re going to have the syntax be `namespace class`... maybe you shouldn&#39;t name the proposal and feature &quot;class namespace&quot; ;)<br></div>

<p></p>

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On Fri, Jan 29, 2016 at 8:39 AM, Matthew Woehlke <mwoehlke.floss@gmail.com>
wrote:

> Please see the updated version of my "class namespace" proposal.


I've only skimmed it so far, but a minor suggestion -- in your example of
current definitions, you have:

A::Enum A::foo(...) { ... }

This is a good example, but it's even more clear why this feature is useful
if "A" were a template, since in that case, "A::Enum" would be even more
verbose as "typename A::Enum" (and not misleading because this kind of
thing is very common). To make things more grounded, you might want an
example that many iterator or container implementors are very familiar with:

template <class ValueType, class Alloc>
typename vector<ValueType, Alloc>::const_reference vector<ValueType,
Alloc>::operator [](size_type i) const {/*...*/}

Examples that are less abstract than "A" and "Foo" and "Enum" make things
immediately clear. I think most people are familiar enough with the
motivation that it might not matter, but any bit helps.

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<div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On F=
ri, Jan 29, 2016 at 8:39 AM, Matthew Woehlke <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=
=3D"mailto:mwoehlke.floss@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank">mwoehlke.floss@gmail=
..com</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"ma=
rgin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,=
204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex">Please see the updated versi=
on of my &quot;class namespace&quot; proposal.</blockquote><div><br></div><=
div>I&#39;ve only skimmed it so far, but a minor suggestion -- in your exam=
ple of current definitions, you have:<br></div><div><br></div><div>A::Enum =
A::foo(...) { ... }</div><div><br></div><div>This is a good example, but it=
&#39;s even more clear why this feature is useful if &quot;A&quot; were a t=
emplate, since in that case, &quot;A::Enum&quot; would be even more verbose=
 as &quot;typename A::Enum&quot; (and not misleading because this kind of t=
hing is very common). To make things more grounded, you might want an examp=
le that many iterator or container implementors are very familiar with:</di=
v><div><div><br></div><div>template &lt;class ValueType, class Alloc&gt;</d=
iv><div>typename vector&lt;ValueType, Alloc&gt;::const_reference vector&lt;=
ValueType, Alloc&gt;::operator [](size_type i) const {/*...*/}</div></div><=
div><br></div><div>Examples that are less abstract than &quot;A&quot; and &=
quot;Foo&quot; and &quot;Enum&quot; make things immediately clear. I think =
most people are familiar enough with the motivation that it might not matte=
r, but any bit helps.</div></div></div></div>

<p></p>

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On Saturday, January 30, 2016 at 4:34:43 AM UTC+1, Nicol Bolas wrote:
>
> If you're going to have the syntax be `namespace class`... maybe you
> shouldn't name the proposal and feature "class namespace" ;)
>

Most folks named the feature "class namespace" during previous discussions,
yet the "namespace class" syntax fits better with the current language /
implementation (I started implementing this proposal in clang, and while I
started out with the "class namespace" syntax, later I switched to
"namespace class" as that felt more natural both regarding the current
clang parsing code and for me as a "user"). Still, I'd keep the feature
called "class namespace" as that better conveys the meaning / intention
than "namespace class".

(just for the record: I'd rather see the feature called as "namespace
class" or implemented with "class namespace" syntax rather than not see it
at all due to mismatching name and syntax ;)


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<div dir=3D"ltr">On Saturday, January 30, 2016 at 4:34:43 AM UTC+1, Nicol B=
olas wrote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0;margin-left=
: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"ltr">If=
 you&#39;re going to have the syntax be `namespace class`... maybe you shou=
ldn&#39;t name the proposal and feature &quot;class namespace&quot; ;)<br><=
/div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Most folks named the feature &quot;cl=
ass namespace&quot; during previous discussions, yet the &quot;namespace cl=
ass&quot; syntax fits better with the current language / implementation (I =
started implementing this proposal in clang, and while I started out with t=
he &quot;class namespace&quot; syntax, later I switched to &quot;namespace =
class&quot; as that felt more natural both regarding the current clang pars=
ing code and for me as a &quot;user&quot;). Still, I&#39;d keep the feature=
 called &quot;class namespace&quot; as that better conveys the meaning / in=
tention than &quot;namespace class&quot;. =C2=A0</div><div><br></div><div>(=
just for the record: I&#39;d rather see the feature called as &quot;namespa=
ce class&quot; or implemented with &quot;class namespace&quot; syntax rathe=
r than not see it at all due to mismatching name and syntax ;)</div><div>=
=C2=A0<br></div></div>

<p></p>

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On 2016-01-31 10:38, P=C3=A9ter Radics wrote:
> On Saturday, January 30, 2016 at 4:34:43 AM UTC+1, Nicol Bolas wrote:
>
>     If you're going to have the syntax be `namespace class`... maybe you
>     shouldn't name the proposal and feature "class namespace" ;)
>
>
> Most folks named the feature "class namespace" during previous
> discussions, yet the "namespace class" syntax fits better with the
> current language / implementation (I started implementing this proposal
> in clang, and while I started out with the "class namespace" syntax,
> later I switched to "namespace class" as that felt more natural both
> regarding the current clang parsing code and for me as a "user"). Still,
> I'd keep the feature called "class namespace" as that better conveys the
> meaning / intention than "namespace class".
>
> (just for the record: I'd rather see the feature called as "namespace
> class" or implemented with "class namespace" syntax rather than not see
> it at all due to mismatching name and syntax ;)
>

I can see some problems for newbies to learn the subtle differences between

namespace class

and

namespace { class

not to mention

namespace { namespace class


Makes me feel that the choice of syntax isn't perfect yet.  :-)



    Bo Persson


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.

Le 31/01/2016 13:28, Bo Persson a =C3=A9crit :
> On 2016-01-31 10:38, P=C3=A9ter Radics wrote:
>> On Saturday, January 30, 2016 at 4:34:43 AM UTC+1, Nicol Bolas wrote:
>>
>>     If you're going to have the syntax be `namespace class`... maybe you
>>     shouldn't name the proposal and feature "class namespace" ;)
>>
>>
>> Most folks named the feature "class namespace" during previous
>> discussions, yet the "namespace class" syntax fits better with the
>> current language / implementation (I started implementing this proposal
>> in clang, and while I started out with the "class namespace" syntax,
>> later I switched to "namespace class" as that felt more natural both
>> regarding the current clang parsing code and for me as a "user"). Still,
>> I'd keep the feature called "class namespace" as that better conveys the
>> meaning / intention than "namespace class".
>>
>> (just for the record: I'd rather see the feature called as "namespace
>> class" or implemented with "class namespace" syntax rather than not see
>> it at all due to mismatching name and syntax ;)
>>
>
> I can see some problems for newbies to learn the subtle differences=20
> between
>
> namespace class
>
> and
>
> namespace { class
>
> not to mention
>
> namespace { namespace class
>
>
> Makes me feel that the choice of syntax isn't perfect yet.  :-)
>
What would be wrong if we don't use the keyword namespace at all.

We can forward declare a class, declare it completely and with this=20
feature we could define some of its members.


   struct Foo;

   struct Foo {
     Foo();
     int bar();
   };

   class Foo { // this is not a re-declaration but a definition of some mem=
bers
     Foo() { ... }
     int bar() { ... }
   };

Vicente

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On Sunday, January 31, 2016 at 7:07:21 PM UTC+1, Vicente J. Botet Escriba
wrote:
>
> [snip]
> What would be wrong if we don't use the keyword namespace at all.
>
> We can forward declare a class, declare it completely and with this
> feature we could define some of its members.
>
>
>    struct Foo;
>
>    struct Foo {
>      Foo();
>      int bar();
>    };
>
>    class Foo { // this is not a re-declaration but a definition of some
> members
>      Foo() { ... }
>      int bar() { ... }
>    };
>
> Vicente
>

I feel it would be too fragile, and we'd have issues with templates at
least the use-case where the "class namespace" specializes only some of the
members, not the whole class template.  I strongly prefer some way of
making this different looking from the normal class declaration. (be it
"namespace class" or something else).

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<div dir=3D"ltr">On Sunday, January 31, 2016 at 7:07:21 PM UTC+1, Vicente J=
.. Botet Escriba wrote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0;=
margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;">[snip]<b=
r>What would be wrong if we don&#39;t use the keyword namespace at all.
<br>
<br>We can forward declare a class, declare it completely and with this=20
<br>feature we could define some of its members.
<br>
<br>
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0struct Foo;
<br>
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0struct Foo {
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Foo();
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0int bar();
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0};
<br>
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0class Foo { // this is not a re-declaration but a definiti=
on of some members
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Foo() { ... }
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0int bar() { ... }
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0};
<br>
<br>Vicente
<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I feel it would be too fragile, and we=
&#39;d have issues with templates at least the use-case where the &quot;cla=
ss namespace&quot; specializes only some of the members, not the whole clas=
s template. =C2=A0I strongly prefer some way of making this different looki=
ng from the normal class declaration. (be it &quot;namespace class&quot; or=
 something else).</div><div><br></div></div>

<p></p>

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On Sunday, January 31, 2016 at 1:21:47 PM UTC-5, P=C3=A9ter Radics wrote:
>
> On Sunday, January 31, 2016 at 7:07:21 PM UTC+1, Vicente J. Botet Escriba=
=20
> wrote:
>>
>> [snip]
>> What would be wrong if we don't use the keyword namespace at all.=20
>>
>> We can forward declare a class, declare it completely and with this=20
>> feature we could define some of its members.=20
>>
>>
>>    struct Foo;=20
>>
>>    struct Foo {=20
>>      Foo();=20
>>      int bar();=20
>>    };=20
>>
>>    class Foo { // this is not a re-declaration but a definition of some=
=20
>> members=20
>>      Foo() { ... }=20
>>      int bar() { ... }=20
>>    };=20
>>
>> Vicente=20
>>
>
> I feel it would be too fragile, and we'd have issues with templates at=20
> least the use-case where the "class namespace" specializes only some of t=
he=20
> members, not the whole class template.  I strongly prefer some way of=20
> making this different looking from the normal class declaration. (be it=
=20
> "namespace class" or something else).
>

I agree. Whatever syntax gets choosen, I think it's important to maintain a=
=20
distinction between "the one place where a class is defined" and "one of=20
many places where members of that class can be defined."

`class` and `struct` definitions are "the one place". Whereas `namespace`=
=20
is associated with "one of many places".

--=20

---=20
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<div dir=3D"ltr">On Sunday, January 31, 2016 at 1:21:47 PM UTC-5, P=C3=A9te=
r Radics wrote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0;margin-=
left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"ltr=
">On Sunday, January 31, 2016 at 7:07:21 PM UTC+1, Vicente J. Botet Escriba=
 wrote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0;margin-left:0.8e=
x;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">[snip]<br>What would be wron=
g if we don&#39;t use the keyword namespace at all.
<br>
<br>We can forward declare a class, declare it completely and with this=20
<br>feature we could define some of its members.
<br>
<br>
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0struct Foo;
<br>
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0struct Foo {
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Foo();
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0int bar();
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0};
<br>
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0class Foo { // this is not a re-declaration but a definiti=
on of some members
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Foo() { ... }
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0int bar() { ... }
<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0};
<br>
<br>Vicente
<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I feel it would be too fragile, and we=
&#39;d have issues with templates at least the use-case where the &quot;cla=
ss namespace&quot; specializes only some of the members, not the whole clas=
s template. =C2=A0I strongly prefer some way of making this different looki=
ng from the normal class declaration. (be it &quot;namespace class&quot; or=
 something else).</div></div></blockquote><div><br>I agree. Whatever syntax=
 gets choosen, I think it&#39;s important to maintain a distinction between=
 &quot;the one place where a class is defined&quot; and &quot;one of many p=
laces where members of that class can be defined.&quot;<br><br>`class` and =
`struct` definitions are &quot;the one place&quot;. Whereas `namespace` is =
associated with &quot;one of many places&quot;.<br></div></div>

<p></p>

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.

On 2016-01-29 22:34, Nicol Bolas wrote:
> If you're going to have the syntax be `namespace class`... maybe you=20
> shouldn't name the proposal and feature "class namespace" ;)

Eh... I blame English :-). The correct order here is adjective, noun. A
"namespace class" implies a special type of class that relates to
namespaces.

C++ has its own grammar rules, under which the "best"=C2=B9 grammar is
"namespace <entity>", with <entity> =E2=86=92 "class <class-name>". (Althou=
gh
I'd be happy to see the feature accepted with the syntax "class
namespace <class-name>"...)

(=C2=B9 "Best" is of course subjective, but there seems to be a fair degree
of consensus here.)

IOW, I don't think it's worth changing, even though I concede that there
is some reason to your point :-). It's my understanding that the paper
title is intended to describe the feature, and is not required reiterate
the syntax.

--=20
Matthew

--=20

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