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Introduction

This somewhat provocative note was posted earlier on the S8 Concepts forum,=
=20
since it is largely related to templates and Concepts.  As it did not=20
provoke a response there, I thought it might be of some interest here. =20

This note suggests some generalization and simplification of C++ language=
=20
syntax, largely based on extensions of what is currently in =E2=80=9CConcep=
ts=20
Lite=E2=80=9D.   There is some general discussion of reasons for what exist=
s, and=20
of future evolution.   Since it is a rather long note for a forum entry,=20
skipping to the Examples section might provide a quick overview of some of=
=20
the resulting possibilities.

A Word file with the same contents is also attached.
Objectives

Previous notes posted here have made suggestions for simplifying and=20
expanding approaches to C++ templates and Concepts.  This note is designed=
=20
to expand on that and to suggest a start at a significant simplification of=
=20
code constructs and syntax. =20

As additional capabilities, have been added to the language, C++ syntax=20
constructs have become increasingly distracting relative to basic code=20
functionality.   Some emphasis on simplification is already happening, such=
=20
as not having to specify the same type repeatedly in template parameters,=
=20
in requirements clauses, and in function parameters.  However, the=20
complexities seem to be growing at a greater rate. =20

The attempt here is to define syntax that reads naturally in expressing the=
=20
programmer=E2=80=99s abstractions and intent, rather than its implementatio=
n=20
characteristics.  A measure of this is code that =E2=80=9Cdoes what it says=
=E2=80=9D and=20
=E2=80=9Csays what it does=E2=80=9D, which is hard enough to do anyway, wit=
hout having to=20
be incorporated in syntax to tell the compiler what it is trying to do. =20
The code does need to speak to the compiler as well as the human reader,=20
but, if well crafted, doing the latter should suffice for the former. =20
Ultimately, the focus needs to be on the abstractions needed by the=20
programmer to convey the essence of a computation or of a data type. =20
Often, this abstraction can also lead to increased generality. =20

This note discusses an incomplete series of topics, and there are at best=
=20
incomplete arguments for any particular topic.  The hope, however, is that=
=20
taken together, this might suggest fundamental approaches that=20
significantly increase the abstraction level of the language.=20
Precision and Lack of Clarity

A Latin teacher once described a good translation as being both accurate=20
and idiomatic.  The analogy to programming languages is a need for both=20
precision and clarity.  Ultimately syntax needs to be precise, both for the=
=20
compiler and the language expert.  Equally important though, it requires=20
clarity to convey the intent of the programmer, as well as the demands of=
=20
syntax.=20

Consider const, volatile, reference and reference reference.  It is easy to=
=20
add qualifiers such as const and reference to a type specification.  For=20
removing these qualifiers, a variety of syntax circumlocutions are=20
invented, some of which remove the qualification, others of which do not. =
=20
While there is value in supporting capabilities through library facilities=
=20
rather than language change, simple use of a negative symbol could lead to=
=20
code that is simper and intuitively expressive; for instance: (type ~const=
=20
~&).=20

Often focus on language processing precision leads to confusing and arcane=
=20
constructs that suffer in programmer clarity such as:

      requires requires {typename =E2=80=A6type }; . . .

      concept bool {return requires . . .  };

Here the ellipses indicate areas of code where the programmer=E2=80=99s con=
struct=20
is buried in a cascade of syntax constructs.  This lack of simplicity and=
=20
clarity in syntax has undoubtedly raised some suspicions about the=20
underlying consistency for Concepts, and this hesitancy may account for=20
much of the reluctance to approve Concepts for C++.

More difficult are library facilities for interacting with compiler=20
constructs for multiple types of references (rvalue, glvalue, prvalue, . .=
=20
..) and =E2=80=9Creference collapsing=E2=80=9D rules through an amazing set =
of =E2=80=9Cstd::xxx=E2=80=9D =20
constructs.   It is an interesting question, if there are many experts who=
=20
could look at a set of =E2=80=9Cdecltype=E2=80=9D declarations and correctl=
y parse their=20
meaning.   More direct approaches to capturing programmer intent here is=20
discussed under the topic of function parameters.
Compatibility

Of course, compatibility is a dominant issue.  Other approaches, such as=20
Java, D and C#, are spin offs that have sought simplification in critical=
=20
areas, but have lost much of the basic underlying power of C++.  An=20
alternative is new syntax, that leaves the base capabilities in place, and=
=20
even suggests enhancements.  =20

However, forcing new features into old syntax can lead to awkward=20
constructs that often disguise the programmer=E2=80=99s intent.  Constructs=
 for=20
references to references with internal collapsing rules, to permit move=20
semantics is an example of such obfuscation. =20

It is useful to consider compatibility of language elements, constructs,=20
abstractions and performance separately from compatibility of concrete=20
syntax.   New syntax can often be achieved solely with extensions and=20
additions.  However, revisions at the level of syntax parsing need not=20
necessarily exclude the possibility for alternative compiler syntax=20
processing signaled by pragmas.  Such pragmas are already used by tools,=20
for such purposes as debugging assertions and enforcing local consistency=
=20
for coding styles and standards.  Not systematizing these with language=20
facilities adds considerable code complexity along with non-standard=20
compiler options and directives, and often encourages preprocessing macros.

As a fairly simple example of syntax extension, the compiler could be made=
=20
aware of new line indications and indentation to simplify punctuation and=
=20
emphasis clarity.  =E2=80=9CModernization=E2=80=9D of C++ syntax could star=
t with removal=20
of tri-graph support.=20

Such considerations are at the boundaries of compiler, preprocessor and=20
tool support.  Standardization of a minimal canonical set of controls can=
=20
increase current portability, consistency and clarity.

The stability issue then is compatibility for interoperability of new and=
=20
existing code, that may be expressed with somewhat different syntax.  That=
=20
is, compatibility based on what the language says, rather than necessarily=
=20
on how it says it.
Terminology

Terminology used for syntax can be obtuse and even misleading.  =E2=80=9CSt=
atic=E2=80=9D is=20
an interesting example (see below).

Sometimes terms are introduced that have technical meaning for language=20
processing or are based on, at best, an analogy with mathematical concepts=
=20
that seem somewhat obscure.  Mathematical rigor is a lofty, but=20
unachievable and misleading goal for software.  Mathematical underpinnings=
=20
can be useful but seem best left to technical documentation, rather than=20
common use.  For instance, axioms are useful for theorem proving, but the=
=20
implied notion is misleading when they are only definitions of type=20
properties.  To be really useful they need to be incorporated in a test=20
facility. =20

A Goggle query for =E2=80=9Cregular types=E2=80=9D produces an assortment o=
f unrelated=20
concepts.   =E2=80=9CStructured=E2=80=9D seems more user friendly than =E2=
=80=9Csemi-regular=E2=80=9D to=20
indicate operations for allocation, deallocation, copy, move, assign, and=
=20
swap.  Similarly, =E2=80=9Centity=E2=80=9D could indicate basic classes tha=
t are=20
=E2=80=9Cstructured=E2=80=9D, and which also have comparison and ordering o=
perations=20
defined.=20

Other approaches, such as reuse of existing keyword, lead to ambiguity and=
=20
confusion.
Syntax Rules

The incredible complexity, to which the C++ standard has evolved, is=20
breathtaking.  Undoubtedly much of this is unavoidable; it comes with the=
=20
territory and the need to be precise.  Perhaps, though, there are=20
significant strategies for simplification. =20

One such approach that seems to drive complexity, to a significant extent,=
=20
is a desire for the syntax to be complete, in the sense that the compiler=
=20
tries to make decisions as to the meaning of constructs under a variety of=
=20
different circumstances.   This can lead to design of elaborate=20
interpretations that assume that =E2=80=9Cthe compiler knows best=E2=80=9D.=
   Under=20
particular conditions, the compiler driven interpretations may be=20
unintuitive, and even ambiguous, relative to the programmer intent.  The=20
alternative for rule simplification is not to guess at intent, but, rather=
=20
than defining exceptions to exceptions, simply declare an error and require=
=20
that the programmer provide clarification.=20

An immediate example, pehaps, is the seven situations used for overload=20
resolution.  It can make sense for the compiler to apply reasonable=20
conversions to meet parameter declarations.  However, when this produces=20
multiple candidates, and there is not an easily remembered and intuitive=20
rule for selection, don=E2=80=99t try for a =E2=80=9Cbest=E2=80=9D match.
Type Extensions

Previous notes have suggested that template type parameters are essentially=
=20
=E2=80=9CAbstract Types=E2=80=9D.  That is, a notion of incomplete types th=
at abstract from=20
details of size, ordering and layout associated with struct based=20
declarations.  Abstract types can be extended through instantiation; much=
=20
as base types are extended by derived classes.  Such extensions can be=20
bidirectional as in role-actor constructs,

In this way, declarations of the Abstract Types with all of the constructs=
=20
for template definition can allow template code to appear, to be written=20
and to be compiled essentially the same as any other code.   Other notes=20
discuss binding of compiled templates to actual concrete types.=20

Variants provide a complementary notion of type extension.  Rather than=20
providing common structure that can adapt to different functionality, they=
=20
support common functions that can adapt to different structure.   =20
Aspects

As a basis for management of software component dependencies, a class=20
declaration can specify different interfaces, or Aspects, for different=20
users.  This is essentially a generalization of the =E2=80=9Cfriend=E2=80=
=9D concept.

Aspects and Abstract Types both form partial views of a type.  Aspects are=
=20
parts of an abstract or concrete type.  Abstract Types are parts that still=
=20
need to be mapped to a concrete type.  From this perspective, Abstract=20
types are essentially an Aspect of a type.

To avoid over specification of an interface, a user can require some subset=
=20
of Aspects, while still allowing for use of optional constructs, where=20
available.  For instance, a complete set of member and non-member functions=
=20
for comparison can be constructed from generic =E2=80=9C<=E2=80=9D and =E2=
=80=9C=3D=3D=E2=80=9D operators,=20
while still allowing for direct use of other constructs if available.

Alternatives can also be used to avoid under specification of a Capability=
=20
by allowing variant approaches.   For instance, an iteration Capability=20
could be implemented to use a =E2=80=9Cfor=E2=80=9D loop using end, last, c=
ount or=20
conditional member and non-member termination indicators, or with list=20
recursion, or with either, depending on the Capabilities supplied.
Capabilities

Concepts are a specification mechanism for template type declarations. =20
Concept syntax specifications are proposed for generic type parameters and=
=20
for their interactions.  In this sense, they are full equivalent to, and=20
indeed must match, the declaration syntax for the supplied types.

Concepts, then, are basically an interface specification.  This suggests=20
two generalizations.  First, the same declarations are applicable to, and=
=20
could be used similarly for, both the generic declarations and the supplied=
=20
type declarations.  The second observation is that such declarations are=20
significant, whether or not they are used for templates.  The third=20
observation here is that, where the declarations are equivalent but do not=
=20
match directly, then mappings can be provided.

This suggests a more general notion of =E2=80=9CCapabilities=E2=80=9D as a =
fundamental=20
construct for specifying both what is required and what is supplied by an=
=20
interface.  A user specifies the Capability declarations for what it needs,=
=20
and the implementation specifies them for what it supplies.  The Capability=
=20
declaration, itself, can specify mappings for alternative constructs for=20
its use or support.=20

This supports the fundamental abstraction of a software system consisting=
=20
of Capabilities built from other Capabilities.=20

Capabilities extend type extractions.  Type abstractions encapsulate=20
representation and method for an interface based on syntax declarations. =
=20
Capabilities capture basic invariants that are also independent of=20
representation and method, and they also generalize this to independence of=
=20
syntax expression and data source.

Also, Capabilities extend the notion of a class which abstracts operations=
=20
on a single data object, to an abstraction of operations on the interaction=
=20
of multiple interacting objects.  These interactions can be at a common=20
level, as in transformations, or nested, as with STL containers.

Capability syntax is inherently an extended Abstract Type declaration. =20
Capability declarations consist of a parameterized set of type=20
specifications along with value expressions that use these types, and,=20
where required, they include mappings for one form of type or value=20
expression to another.  Proposals for a Concepts specification provide a=20
base for such an approach.=20

Since Capabilities are specifications at the level of interfaces, they can=
=20
also provide a base for systematically inserting code for metrics,=20
reporting, logging, error handling, etc. =20
Mappings

Often there is a direct correspondence from the constructs needed by a=20
Capability and those supplied for it.   When the Capabilities are=20
equivalent, but specified differently, a Capability interface declaration=
=20
can provide mappings both for data, for operations and for types.

Data mappings can be for location, organization, representation and format.

Operation mappings include basic computational constructs.  The STL=20
provides examples for iteration (begin, next, end), access (read, write),=
=20
structure (copy, move, assignment, swap) and comparison (ordering,=20
equivalence, equality).  Invoke, callable, and parameter packs provide=20
models for functions and their parameters.  Considerable extension callable=
=20
is possible, such as providing =E2=80=9Cinvoke=E2=80=9D specifications for =
remote procedure=20
calls, queued calls, messages and events, and exceptions.

The capabilities above can be represented with an abstract syntax for value=
=20
expressions.  This can be extended to type expressions that ensue coherent=
=20
correspondence among related types and type constructs.  These could=20
include capabilities for generation, modification and test (reference=20
classification, qualifiers, attributes, derivation, inclusion, traits,  . .=
=20
..  ), compare, transform (cast), etc.  =20
Parts

Systematic extension of such capabilities could form the basis for=20
fundamental components necessary to drive some domain specific languages or=
=20
even a small general purpose application development language.

Additional Capabilities can be developed for logic (and, or, xor, not),=20
arithmetic (plus, minus, multiply, divide, remainder), bit fields (get,=20
set), references(pointer, index, map, path), decisions (condition, tree),=
=20
database (read, update, insert, remove, find), sequence( visit, accumulate,=
=20
merge, sort, , . . .), transactions (do, undo, prepare, commit, backout),=
=20
control (start, init, re-init, run, pause, stop), state machines (state,=20
event, transition), traversal (route, visit), use case (objective, step),=
=20
etc.  More basic capabilities support such capabilities as readable,=20
assignable, call, parameter, referenced, related, etc.  These capability=20
specifications can provide a mechanism for alternative expressions, as well=
=20
as hiding the complexities of C++ type syntax. =20

The ultimate objective however, is general support for parts driven=20
software development and construction.  This has been a long sought after=
=20
goal for many, and often there have been extravagant claims for success. =
=20
Existing technology has indeed produced a considerable collection of=20
parts.  The focus here, however, is not on parts themselves, or on=20
discovering the holy grail of a fundamental and universal set of parts. =20
Rather, the key focus is on the mechanisms for connecting parts.
Abstract Syntax

An abstract syntax represents the semantics of a syntax construct and the=
=20
components or terms used to denote those semantics.   As with other=20
abstractions there is often generality here that can lead to increased=20
functionality.

A concrete syntax represents a particular representation of the components,=
=20
usually as some set of keywords, brackets and special symbols. =20
Alternatively, it can use diagrams and tables and other presentation forms.=
=20
 Capabilities also represent a way of representing the semantics of a=20
construct independently of any particular syntax.  In addition they extend=
=20
this with support for alternative syntax components and for alternative=20
data.

An abstract syntax supports interoperability among different syntactical=20
representations.  Capabilities support interoperability for different=20
syntax, syntax components and data sources.
Name Use Differentiation

Clarity in the use of names for identification of different categories of=
=20
identifiers is critical in any syntax.   This is particularly important for=
=20
generic code.  For instance, elaborate syntax can be used with brackets and=
=20
key words to distinguish type and object names and their scopes.   For=20
clarity in code reading, naming conventions, such as leading caps or=20
trailing =E2=80=9Ctype=E2=80=9D or plural =E2=80=9Cs=E2=80=9D suffixes are =
often used to distinguish type=20
names from object names.  Far simpler, and consistent, would be a=20
distinguishing naming convention.  This would provide language consistency=
=20
and clarity.   More significantly, it could, in fact, greatly simplify the=
=20
syntax.   =20

An extreme approach to this can be found in what is known as Hungarian=20
Notation, a rather elaborate approach to conveying type information.  More=
=20
appropriate however, is to focus on the differing uses of names for the=20
primary abstractions of object, type and abstract type.   For instance,=20
reference to types, classes, structs, and unions might be identified with a=
=20
prefix of =E2=80=9C#=E2=80=9D.  Abstract Types represent a higher level of =
abstraction and=20
could be declared with a prefix such as =E2=80=9C##=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9C!=
=E2=80=9D.  The prefix can be=20
used when the identifier is introduced to simplify syntax.  It is probably=
=20
not as important for subsequent use of the identifier, but its consistent=
=20
use can enhance clarity in many contexts.

Example: template<typename T> concept bool C =3D true;

becomes:  ##C

Also, since they are fundamentally very different things, it is useful to=
=20
distinguish assignment of type expressions (=E2=86=90) from object expressi=
ons (=3D),=20
as well abstract type and namespace components (::) from object components=
=20
(.).

With this, most uses of =E2=80=9Ctypedef=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Ctypename=E2=80=
=9D, =E2=80=9Cusing=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Crebind=E2=80=9D, and even=20
=E2=80=9Ctemplate=E2=80=9D and angle brackets can be eliminated.  Consider =
the following,=20
which just sputters with =E2=80=9Ctype=E2=80=9D syllables:

      typedef typename BaseType::value_type value_type

An alternative might be a type expression such as:

      #value =E2=86=90 ##Base::#value;
Auto

Auto is a useful placeholder for a type that can be deduced.  This,=20
however, loses information since the actual resulting type name is hidden. =
=20
An alternative is =E2=80=9C#type=E2=80=9D to capture the name of the type.=
=20

For example:

    #length length =3D vector.size( ) ; =20

For consistency, the basic auto keyword placeholder could be replaced with=
=20
a simple =E2=80=9C#=E2=80=9D, and thus eliminate confusion with allocation =
concepts.
Examples

An basic example can be taken from STL proposals:

      template<typename T>=20
            concept bool Readable() {
                   return requires (T i) {=20
                        typename Value_type; {
                        {*i} -> const Value_type&;
                  };=20
            };

This defines a property of iterators.  The more general concept is=20
Readable, which captures the general Capability to extract a value from an=
=20
expression, and which is suggested below.=20

The example assumes that the base language defines operations for the use=
=20
of readable and writeable values (such as assignable).  Capability=20
declarations below provide a means for accessing values through use of=20
diverse syntax constructs.  For instance, a template might access a data=20
value in a container or where the value itself is generate by a particular=
=20
supplier through a function.  The using code doesn=E2=80=99t care     =20

Examples -   requirements in square brackets use &&, ||,  ? and ~  for=20
=E2=80=9Cand=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cor=E2=80=9D. =E2=80=9Coptional=E2=80=9D and=
 =E2=80=9Cnot=E2=80=9D expressions.

     Assignable  {##Writeable w && ##Readable r; w=3Dr , } ;

     Readable {

            //  Value

            (##Value v) { [v ?const ?& ) || (v() ?const ?&) ||( v.get()=20
?const ?&)  };

            //  Access

             (##Value v, #Readable r) { r =E2=86=92 v };

              //  Pointer
                    (##Pointer p , ##Pointer::#Readable r ) {* ?const p =E2=
=86=92=20
r};

              //  Function

              (##Function f , ##Argument a,  # Readable r ) {f(a) =E2=86=92=
 r} ;

              //  Member

              (const ##Base b, #Member m, const # Readable r)
                          {[ b.m =E2=86=92 r) ] || [ (b.m( ) =E2=86=92 r ] =
|| [ (b.m.get( )=20
 =E2=86=92 r ] )};

              //  Component

              ( ##C =E2=86=90 (##Map||##Vector||##array) c, ##Index i, # Re=
adable=20
r) {c[i] =E2=86=92r} ;

             *. . .*

        // A common Get function, similar to =E2=80=9Cinvoke=E2=80=9D for =
=E2=80=9Ccallable=E2=80=9D could=20
be used.

              Get (##Pointer p,  # Readable r)

                    {*p =E2=86=92 r) ;

              Get (##Function f , ##Parameter a, # Readable r)

                    {f(a) =E2=86=92 r};

              Get (##Base b, Member m,  # Readable r

                   {( b.m =E2=86=92 v ?&) || (b.m( ) =E2=86=92 v ?&) || (b.=
m.get( ) =E2=86=92 r};

              Get ( ##C =E2=86=90 (##Map||##Vector||##array) c , ##Index I,=
 ##C::#=20
Readable r)

                   { c[i] =E2=86=92r };   =20

     };              =20

     *. . .*
           ##Writeable { Readable ~const, . . . } ;

     ##Modifiable { ##Readable && ##Writeable  };

Then we can have:

      x  int =E2=86=90##Writeable::Set (map, index) ;                /* spe=
cified=20
by user or supplier

      y int =E2=86=90 ##Readable:: Get (function, argument) ;  /* specified=
 by=20
supplier or user

      x =3D y ;  //invokes Get and Set

The above is a fairly trivial example, but it illustrates the principle of=
=20
separation of mechanisms for access to data constructs from the functional=
=20
operations on the data values.=20

Container access provides some interesting possibilities for syntax=20
commonality for generalizations such as =E2=80=9Cinsert=E2=80=9D.

   Insert (##V=E2=86=90##Vector v, ##V::#Element e) =E2=86=92##V v

        {v.emplace_back (e) =E2=86=92v};

   Insert (##V=E2=86=90##Vector v, ##V::#Positon p, ##V::#Element e) =E2=86=
=92 ##V v

        { v.emplace(v, p, e) =E2=86=92 v}; =20

   Insert (##L=E2=86=90##List l, ##L::#Position p, ##L::#Element e)=E2=86=
=92 ##L l =20

        { l.insert(p, e) }=E2=86=92 l };

   Insert(##M=E2=86=90##Map m, ##M::#Key k, ##M::##Element e) =E2=86=92##M =
m
              { m.emplace(k, e) =E2=86=92 m };     =20

   Insert(##M=E2=86=90##Map m, ##M::#Pair p) =E2=86=92##M m
              { m.emplace(p.first, p.second) =E2=86=92 m };   =20

   Insert(##M=E2=86=90##Map m, ##M::#Element e) =E2=86=92##M m
              { m.emplace(e.key( ), e) =E2=86=92 m };   =20

Or, more generally:

   Insert (##C=E2=86=90##Container c, ##C::#Element e) =E2=86=92##C c

        { (Insert (c, e) =E2=86=92 c} ;

   Insert (##C=E2=86=90##Container c, ##C::#Position p, ##C::#Element e ) =
=E2=86=92##C c

        { (Insert(c, p, e) =E2=86=92c };

And, still better yet, overload =E2=80=9C<<=E2=80=9D for container and stre=
am insert and=20
=E2=80=9C.=E2=80=9D for element access and use:

       c << e  ;

       c <<(p) e ;   /* or */ ; c.p << e ;

Another useful extension could be based on =E2=80=9Cinvoke=E2=80=9D, to sup=
ply a=20
continuation function call.  This supports a useful pattern for pipes. =20
Also, this could be combined with tests to handle special conditions,=20
errors and exceptions.

Somewhat different are requirements for expressions over type constructs. =
=20
For example:

      template<typename T>=20
            concept bool Input_range() {
                   return requires(T range) {=20
                        typename Iterator_type;
                        requires Input_iterator;=20
                  };
             };

This can become:

      ##Input_range  =E2=86=90 ##Range::#Iterator::category =3D=3D Input ;

An objective for these syntax constructs is that, with little practice, the=
=20
syntax can be read, and generally written, directly from their intended=20
semantics.=20
Principles

These examples illustrate fundamental principles of context access, of=20
process abstraction, and of generality.=20

=C2=B7       The approach effectively provides a general mechanism for=20
computations over values, that is separated from the context in which the=
=20
values reside, and from where they must be extracted and inserted.=20

This essentially provides a base for exploiting many of the constructs and=
=20
facilities of functional programming.

=C2=B7       It provides a mechanism for system and user libraries to=20
encapsulate and thereby exploit the extensive syntax mechanisms that are=20
evolving for C++, in a manner that lends to increased readability and=20
understanding of the using code functionality.=20

=C2=B7       More generally, it can support a range of abstractions for tye=
ps,=20
data and processing, which can then be separately mapped to concrete=20
implementations.=20
Function Parameters

Much of the complexity of parameter type specification is tied up with the=
=20
complexities of mapping function call arguments to declaration parameters.

Function declarations specify how the function can use supplied parameters=
=20
with various categories of modes for read, reference, modify, copy and=20
move.  C++ specifications use const and reference decorators to indirectly=
=20
indicate what is intended.  This started out to be reasonably=20
straightforward, until references to references and special support for=20
=E2=80=9Crvalues=E2=80=9D were needed.

Much, if not all needed simplification and clarity can occur with syntax=20
for the declaration of a parameter that directly indicates its purpose and=
=20
its use.  In many cases this can start with simply distinguishing inputs=20
from outputs in the function declaration.  This is done in some languages=
=20
with specific =E2=80=9Cin=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cout=E2=80=9D mode specifica=
tions for the parameter.  Since=20
=E2=80=9Cin=E2=80=9D is the most common it can be elided.  Also, whether or=
 not a copy is=20
made internally by, or for the function is of no concern to the caller or=
=20
to the declaration.    With this =E2=80=9Cout=E2=80=9D parameters indicate =
values that the=20
function can modify.  Return parameters are values the function can return,=
=20
including tuples.  These categories can be specified separately.  For=20
instance:=20

      functionName (inParms . . .  )(outParms . . . ) =E2=86=92 result;

Function invocation could require the extra brackets for the sake of=20
clarity.  The compiler can decide, at least for most cases, among copy,=20
move (if available), reference, const, pointer extraction, copy elision,=20
etc.   Also, if there is some particular need in the declaration, a=20
programmer can specify conversions, to be used or preferred.    =20

=E2=80=9CMove semantics=E2=80=9D introduces a completely different mode of =
parameter use;=20
i.e., values that can be invalidated.  These are used for copying of=20
temporaries and are chosen implicitly through function overload.  These can=
=20
be clearly indicated with an additional mode category.

      functionName (inParms . . .  )(outParms . . . )(moveParms . . . )=E2=
=86=92=20
result;

There is also a category of generic parameters that can be passed to a=20
function and can be of any of the above categories.  These are then forward=
=20
to a specific function invocation for which all the rules of function=20
overload selection and validation are applied when the function is=20
instantiated.   Such usage can be indicated, for instance, with double=20
parens; i.e. ((genericParms)).=20
Captured Names

Although it is often looked upon as dangerous, use or =E2=80=9Ccapture=E2=
=80=9D of names=20
outside of a function declaration or definition is common, but often lacks=
=20
clarity. =20

For lambdas, this use is explicitly indicated with special bracket syntax. =
=20
This can be extended for any function declaration.

For example:

    functionName (inputs . . . )(outputs . . . ) =E2=86=92 result [=3Dname1=
, &name2,=20
.. . . ] {. . .};

or better,

    functionName(inputs. . .)(outputs. . .) =E2=86=92 result [name1 . . .][=
name2 .=20
.. .] {. . .};

Also, while capture occurs in the scope of the function declaration, it is=
=20
can also be useful to provide capture in the context of the function=20
definition and, possibly even with generics, in the instantiation context.=
=20
This could be indicated with repetition of prefix characters for the=20
unusual latter cases, e.g. =E2=80=9C=3D=3D=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9C=3D=3D=3D=
=E2=80=9D.  Since, such uses are unusual=20
and require special notice, simpler might be to use double and triple=20
brackets in the declaration.

As part of this, the square brackets can also introduce template=20
requirements:

      fun(##A a, ##B b) (##C c)=E2=86=92 result [x, (c=3D a*x+b ) ] { . . .=
 } ;
Name Scope Use

Clarity in the scope of names used in code is critical to understanding the=
=20
intent of the programs in which they occur.  This is relevant at different=
=20
levels of brackets, functions, parameters, name scope, derived class=20
definitions and local declarations, etc.=20

Lack of clarity of the scope of a name can lead to interesting magazine=20
columns.  More critically this it can lead to subtle bugs especially when=
=20
code is later modified and extended.

Prefix characters are useful here also to highlight the use of names that=
=20
are not part of the local specification.  Function parameters in some=20
languages are addressed with a leading character such as =E2=80=9C$=E2=80=
=9D.  Captured=20
names require more clarity and perhaps a prefix such as =E2=80=9C@=E2=80=9D=
..  Local=20
variable names in a class often have a =E2=80=9C_=E2=80=9D prefix, in both =
the declaration=20
and use.  Such specifications are critical to understanding code and could=
=20
be inserted by the compiler (or tool) automatically, if not supplied.=20
 Short alias prefixes derived from namespaces are useful to identify the=20
source and hence meaning of names. =20

Some consolidation and systemization of such conventions can be either=20
explicitly specified by syntax, or implicitly by rules declared to the=20
compiler by pragmas.
Factored Attributes

Keywords for public, protected, private, namespace and using directives,=20
all introduce bracketed sections of declarations with common attributes.

This could be systematically extended to provide structuring for any=20
attribute.  It would be especially useful for long lists of declarations.=
=20

Also, it could clarify the use of =E2=80=9Cstatic=E2=80=9D, which connotes =
little of what=20
it actually means.  Inside a class or function scope, a keyword such as=20
=E2=80=9Cfixed=E2=80=9D might be clearer.  Outside a class or function cont=
ext, names can=20
be declared =E2=80=9Cfile scope=E2=80=9D, or, perhaps better, =E2=80=9Cloca=
l=E2=80=9D.

A related category might be =E2=80=9Cthread local=E2=80=9D.
Leading Names in Declarations=20

Much of the previous aims to introduce names at the left of a line of code=
=20
to make it easy to scan the code looking for a declaration.

Declarations can be obtuse when they bury a name declaration in the middle=
=20
of a complex syntax structure.  Function type names are a simple and=20
obvious example.=20

--=20
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<div dir=3D"ltr"><h3><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot=
;, serif;">Introduction</span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-hei=
ght: normal;"><font face=3D"Times New Roman, serif">This somewhat provocati=
ve note was posted earlier on the S8 Concepts forum, since it is largely re=
lated to templates and Concepts. =C2=A0As it did not provoke a response the=
re, I thought it might be of some interest here. =C2=A0</font></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &=
quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">This note suggests some generalization =
and simplification of C++ language syntax, largely based on extensions of w=
hat is currently in =E2=80=9CConcepts Lite=E2=80=9D.=C2=A0 =C2=A0There is s=
ome general discussion of reasons for what exists, and of future evolution.=
 =C2=A0=C2=A0Since it is a rather long note for a forum entry, skipping to =
the Examples section might provide a quick overview of some of the resultin=
g possibilities.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: nor=
mal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">A Wo=
rd file with the same contents is also attached.</span></p><h3><span lang=
=3D"X-NONE" style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Obje=
ctives</span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><sp=
an style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Previous note=
s posted here have made suggestions for simplifying and expanding approache=
s to C++ templates and Concepts.=C2=A0 This note is designed to expand on t=
hat and to suggest a start at a significant simplification of code construc=
ts and syntax.=C2=A0=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-h=
eight: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, se=
rif;">As additional capabilities, have been added to the language, C++ synt=
ax constructs have become increasingly distracting relative to basic code f=
unctionality. =C2=A0=C2=A0Some emphasis on simplification is already happen=
ing, such as not having to specify the same type repeatedly in template par=
ameters, in requirements clauses, and in function parameters.=C2=A0 However=
, the complexities seem to be growing at a greater rate.=C2=A0=C2=A0</span>=
</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"fo=
nt-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">The attempt here is to defi=
ne syntax that reads naturally in expressing the programmer=E2=80=99s abstr=
actions and intent, rather than its implementation characteristics. =C2=A0A=
 measure of this is code that =E2=80=9Cdoes what it says=E2=80=9D and =E2=
=80=9Csays what it does=E2=80=9D, which is hard enough to do anyway, withou=
t having to be incorporated in syntax to tell the compiler what it is tryin=
g to do.=C2=A0 The code does need to speak to the compiler as well as the h=
uman reader, but, if well crafted, doing the latter should suffice for the =
former.=C2=A0 Ultimately, the focus needs to be on the abstractions needed =
by the programmer to convey the essence of a computation or of a data type.=
=C2=A0 Often, this abstraction can also lead to increased generality.=C2=A0=
=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><spa=
n style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">This note disc=
usses an incomplete series of topics, and there are at best incomplete argu=
ments for any particular topic.=C2=A0 The hope, however, is that taken toge=
ther, this might suggest fundamental approaches that significantly increase=
 the abstraction level of the language.=C2=A0</span></p><h3><span lang=3D"X=
-NONE" style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Precision=
 and=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, s=
erif;">Lack of=C2=A0</span><span lang=3D"X-NONE" style=3D"font-family: &quo=
t;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Clarity</span><span style=3D"font-family: =
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"></span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" sty=
le=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Rom=
an&quot;, serif;">A Latin teacher once described a good translation as bein=
g both accurate and idiomatic.=C2=A0 The analogy to programming languages i=
s a need for both precision and clarity.=C2=A0=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"f=
ont-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Ultimately syntax needs to=
 be precise, both for the compiler and the language expert.=C2=A0 Equally i=
mportant though, it requires clarity to convey the intent of the programmer=
, as well as the demands of syntax.=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New =
Roman&quot;, serif;">Consider const, volatile, reference and reference refe=
rence.=C2=A0 It is easy to add qualifiers such as const and reference to a =
type specification.=C2=A0 For removing these qualifiers, a variety of synta=
x circumlocutions are invented, some of which remove the qualification, oth=
ers of which do not.=C2=A0 While there is value in supporting capabilities =
through library facilities rather than language change, simple use of a neg=
ative symbol could lead to code that is simper and intuitively expressive; =
for instance: (type ~const ~&amp;).=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New =
Roman&quot;, serif;">Often focus on language processing precision leads to =
confusing and arcane constructs that suffer in programmer clarity such as:<=
/span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=
=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 requires requires {typename =E2=80=A6type }; . . .</span></p><p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-famil=
y: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 conc=
ept bool {return requires . . . =C2=A0};</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><span style=3D"font-family:=
 &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Here the ellipses indicate areas of c=
ode where the programmer=E2=80=99s construct is buried in a cascade of synt=
ax constructs.=C2=A0 This lack of simplicity and clarity in syntax has undo=
ubtedly raised some suspicions about the underlying consistency for Concept=
s, and this hesitancy may account for much of the reluctance to approve Con=
cepts for C++.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: norma=
l;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">More d=
ifficult are library facilities for interacting with compiler constructs fo=
r multiple types of references (rvalue, glvalue, prvalue, . . .) and =E2=80=
=9Creference collapsing=E2=80=9D rules through an amazing set of =E2=80=9Cs=
td::xxx=E2=80=9D=C2=A0 constructs.=C2=A0=C2=A0 It is an interesting questio=
n, if there are many experts who could look at a set of =E2=80=9Cdecltype=
=E2=80=9D declarations and correctly parse their meaning.=C2=A0=C2=A0 More =
direct approaches to capturing programmer intent here is discussed under th=
e topic of function parameters.</span></p><h3><span lang=3D"X-NONE" style=
=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Compatibility</span><=
/h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"fo=
nt-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Of course, compatibility is=
 a dominant issue.=C2=A0 Other approaches, such as Java, D and C#, are spin=
 offs that have sought simplification in critical areas, but have lost much=
 of the basic underlying power of C++.=C2=A0 An alternative is new syntax, =
that leaves the base capabilities in place, and even suggests enhancements.=
 =C2=A0=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal=
;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">However=
, forcing new features into old syntax can lead to awkward constructs that =
often disguise the programmer=E2=80=99s intent.=C2=A0 Constructs for refere=
nces to references with internal collapsing rules, to permit move semantics=
 is an example of such obfuscation.=C2=A0=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Time=
s New Roman&quot;, serif;">It is useful to consider compatibility of langua=
ge elements, constructs, abstractions and performance separately from compa=
tibility of concrete syntax.=C2=A0=C2=A0 New syntax can often be achieved s=
olely with extensions and additions.=C2=A0 However, revisions at the level =
of syntax parsing need not necessarily exclude the possibility for alternat=
ive compiler syntax processing signaled by pragmas.=C2=A0 Such pragmas are =
already used by tools, for such purposes as debugging assertions and enforc=
ing local consistency for coding styles and standards.=C2=A0 Not systematiz=
ing these with language facilities adds considerable code complexity along =
with non-standard compiler options and directives, and often encourages pre=
processing macros.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: n=
ormal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">As=
 a fairly simple example of syntax extension, the compiler could be made aw=
are of new line indications and indentation to simplify punctuation and emp=
hasis clarity. =C2=A0=E2=80=9CModernization=E2=80=9D of C++ syntax could st=
art with removal of tri-graph support.=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times N=
ew Roman&quot;, serif;">Such considerations are at the boundaries of compil=
er, preprocessor and tool support.=C2=A0 Standardization of a minimal canon=
ical set of controls can increase current portability, consistency and clar=
ity.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span =
style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">The stability is=
sue then is compatibility for interoperability of new and existing code, th=
at may be expressed with somewhat different syntax.=C2=A0 That is, compatib=
ility based on what the language says, rather than necessarily on how it sa=
ys it.</span></p><h3><span lang=3D"X-NONE" style=3D"font-family: &quot;Time=
s New Roman&quot;, serif;">Terminology</span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Ro=
man&quot;, serif;">Terminology used for syntax can be obtuse and even misle=
ading.=C2=A0 =E2=80=9CStatic=E2=80=9D is an interesting example (see below)=
..</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span sty=
le=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Sometimes terms are=
 introduced that have technical meaning for language processing or are base=
d on, at best, an analogy with mathematical concepts that seem somewhat obs=
cure.=C2=A0 Mathematical rigor is a lofty, but unachievable and misleading =
goal for software.=C2=A0 Mathematical underpinnings can be useful but seem =
best left to technical documentation, rather than common use.=C2=A0 For ins=
tance, axioms are useful for theorem proving, but the implied notion is mis=
leading when they are only definitions of type properties.=C2=A0 To be real=
ly useful they need to be incorporated in a test facility. =C2=A0</span></p=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-=
family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">A Goggle query for =E2=80=9Cre=
gular types=E2=80=9D produces an assortment of unrelated concepts.=C2=A0 =
=C2=A0=E2=80=9CStructured=E2=80=9D seems more user friendly than =E2=80=9Cs=
emi-regular=E2=80=9D to indicate operations for allocation, deallocation, c=
opy, move, assign, and swap.=C2=A0 Similarly, =E2=80=9Centity=E2=80=9D coul=
d indicate basic classes that are =E2=80=9Cstructured=E2=80=9D, and which a=
lso have comparison and ordering operations defined.=C2=A0</span></p><p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family:=
 &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Other approaches, such as reuse of ex=
isting keyword, lead to ambiguity and confusion.</span></p><h3><span style=
=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Syntax Rules</span></=
h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;">The incredible com=
plexity, to which the C++ standard has evolved, is breathtaking.=C2=A0 Undo=
ubtedly much of this is unavoidable; it comes with the territory and the ne=
ed to be precise.=C2=A0 Perhaps, though, there are significant strategies f=
or simplification.=C2=A0=C2=A0</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-heig=
ht: normal;">One such approach that seems to drive complexity, to a signifi=
cant extent, is a desire for the syntax to be complete, in the sense that t=
he compiler tries to make decisions as to the meaning of constructs under a=
 variety of different circumstances.=C2=A0 =C2=A0This can lead to design of=
 elaborate interpretations that assume that =E2=80=9Cthe compiler knows bes=
t=E2=80=9D.=C2=A0=C2=A0 Under particular conditions, the compiler driven in=
terpretations may be unintuitive, and even ambiguous, relative to the progr=
ammer intent.=C2=A0 The alternative for rule simplification is not to guess=
 at intent, but, rather than defining exceptions to exceptions, simply decl=
are an error and require that the programmer provide clarification.=C2=A0</=
p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;">An immediate exampl=
e, pehaps, is the seven situations used for overload resolution.=C2=A0 It c=
an make sense for the compiler to apply reasonable conversions to meet para=
meter declarations.=C2=A0 However, when this produces multiple candidates, =
and there is not an easily remembered and intuitive rule for selection, don=
=E2=80=99t try for a =E2=80=9Cbest=E2=80=9D match.</p><h3><span style=3D"fo=
nt-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Type Extensions</span></h3>=
<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-f=
amily: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Previous notes have suggested t=
hat template type parameters are essentially =E2=80=9CAbstract Types=E2=80=
=9D.=C2=A0 That is, a notion of incomplete types that abstract from details=
 of size, ordering and layout associated with struct based declarations.=C2=
=A0 Abstract types can be extended through instantiation; much as base type=
s are extended by derived classes.=C2=A0 Such extensions can be bidirection=
al as in role-actor constructs,</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"l=
ine-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot=
;, serif;">In this way, declarations of the Abstract Types with all of the =
constructs for template definition can allow template code to appear, to be=
 written and to be compiled essentially the same as any other code.=C2=A0=
=C2=A0 Other notes discuss binding of compiled templates to actual concrete=
 types.=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal=
;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Variant=
s provide a complementary notion of type extension.=C2=A0 Rather than provi=
ding common structure that can adapt to different functionality, they suppo=
rt common functions that can adapt to different structure.=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=
=A0</span></p><h3><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, =
serif;">Aspects</span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: nor=
mal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">As a=
 basis for management of software component dependencies, a class declarati=
on can specify different interfaces, or Aspects, for different users.=C2=A0=
 This is essentially a generalization of the =E2=80=9Cfriend=E2=80=9D conce=
pt.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span s=
tyle=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Aspects and Abstr=
act Types both form partial views of a type.=C2=A0 Aspects are parts of an =
abstract or concrete type.=C2=A0 Abstract Types are parts that still need t=
o be mapped to a concrete type.=C2=A0 From this perspective, Abstract types=
 are essentially an Aspect of a type.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" styl=
e=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roma=
n&quot;, serif;">To avoid over specification of an interface, a user can re=
quire some subset of Aspects, while still allowing for use of optional cons=
tructs, where available.=C2=A0 For instance, a complete set of member and n=
on-member functions for comparison can be constructed from generic =E2=80=
=9C&lt;=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9C=3D=3D=E2=80=9D operators, while still allowi=
ng for direct use of other constructs if available.</span></p><p class=3D"M=
soNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;=
Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Alternatives can also be used to avoid under=
 specification of a Capability by allowing variant approaches.=C2=A0=C2=A0 =
For instance, an iteration Capability could be implemented to use a =E2=80=
=9Cfor=E2=80=9D loop using end, last, count or conditional member and non-m=
ember termination indicators, or with list recursion, or with either, depen=
ding on the Capabilities supplied.</span></p><h3><span style=3D"font-family=
: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Capabilities</span><span lang=3D"X-N=
ONE" style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"></span></h3=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-=
family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Concepts are a specification m=
echanism for template type declarations.=C2=A0 Concept syntax specification=
s are proposed for generic type parameters and for their interactions.=C2=
=A0 In this sense, they are full equivalent to, and indeed must match, the =
declaration syntax for the supplied types.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New=
 Roman&quot;, serif;">Concepts, then, are basically an interface specificat=
ion.=C2=A0 This suggests two generalizations.=C2=A0 First, the same declara=
tions are applicable to, and could be used similarly for, both the generic =
declarations and the supplied type declarations.=C2=A0 The second observati=
on is that such declarations are significant, whether or not they are used =
for templates.=C2=A0 The third observation here is that, where the declarat=
ions are equivalent but do not match directly, then mappings can be provide=
d.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span st=
yle=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">This suggests a mo=
re general notion of =E2=80=9CCapabilities=E2=80=9D as a fundamental constr=
uct for specifying both what is required and what is supplied by an interfa=
ce.=C2=A0 A user specifies the Capability declarations for what it needs, a=
nd the implementation specifies them for what it supplies.=C2=A0 The Capabi=
lity declaration, itself, can specify mappings for alternative constructs f=
or its use or support.=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line=
-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, =
serif;">This supports the fundamental abstraction of a software system cons=
isting of Capabilities built from other Capabilities.=C2=A0</span></p><p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family=
: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Capabilities extend type extractions=
..=C2=A0 Type abstractions encapsulate representation and method for an inte=
rface based on syntax declarations.=C2=A0 Capabilities capture basic invari=
ants that are also independent of representation and method, and they also =
generalize this to independence of syntax expression and data source.</span=
></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"f=
ont-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Also, Capabilities extend =
the notion of a class which abstracts operations on a single data object, t=
o an abstraction of operations on the interaction of multiple interacting o=
bjects.=C2=A0 These interactions can be at a common level, as in transforma=
tions, or nested, as with STL containers.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New =
Roman&quot;, serif;">Capability syntax is inherently an extended Abstract T=
ype declaration.=C2=A0 Capability declarations consist of a parameterized s=
et of type specifications along with value expressions that use these types=
, and, where required, they include mappings for one form of type or value =
expression to another.=C2=A0 Proposals for a Concepts specification provide=
 a base for such an approach.=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman=
&quot;, serif;">Since Capabilities are specifications at the level of inter=
faces, they can also provide a base for systematically inserting code for m=
etrics, reporting, logging, error handling, etc.=C2=A0=C2=A0</span></p><h3>=
<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Mappings</=
span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;">Often there=
 is a direct correspondence from the constructs needed by a Capability and =
those supplied for it.=C2=A0 =C2=A0When the Capabilities are equivalent, bu=
t specified differently, a Capability interface declaration can provide map=
pings both for data, for operations and for types.</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal=
" style=3D"line-height: normal;">Data mappings can be for location, organiz=
ation, representation and format.</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-h=
eight: normal;">Operation mappings include basic computational constructs.=
=C2=A0 The STL provides examples for iteration (begin, next, end), access (=
read, write), structure (copy, move, assignment, swap) and comparison (orde=
ring, equivalence, equality).=C2=A0 Invoke, callable, and parameter packs p=
rovide models for functions and their parameters.=C2=A0 Considerable extens=
ion callable is possible, such as providing =E2=80=9Cinvoke=E2=80=9D specif=
ications for remote procedure calls, queued calls, messages and events, and=
 exceptions.</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;">The c=
apabilities above can be represented with an abstract syntax for value expr=
essions.=C2=A0 This can be extended to type expressions that ensue coherent=
 correspondence among related types and type constructs.=C2=A0 These could =
include capabilities for generation, modification and test (reference class=
ification, qualifiers, attributes, derivation, inclusion, traits,=C2=A0 . .=
 .=C2=A0 ), compare, transform (cast), etc.=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0</p><h3><span =
lang=3D"X-NONE">Parts</span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-heigh=
t: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;=
">Systematic extension of such capabilities could=C2=A0</span>form the basi=
s for fundamental components necessary to drive some domain specific langua=
ges or even a small general purpose application development language.</p><p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;">Additional Capabilities=
 can be developed for logic (and, or, xor, not), arithmetic (plus, minus, m=
ultiply, divide, remainder), bit fields (get, set), references(pointer, ind=
ex, map, path), decisions (condition, tree), database (read, update, insert=
, remove, find), sequence( visit, accumulate, merge, sort, , . . .), transa=
ctions (do, undo, prepare, commit, backout), control (start, init, re-init,=
 run, pause, stop), state machines (state, event, transition), traversal (r=
oute, visit), use case (objective, step), etc.=C2=A0 More basic capabilitie=
s support such capabilities as readable, assignable, call, parameter, refer=
enced, related, etc.=C2=A0 These c<span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times N=
ew Roman&quot;, serif;">apability specifications can provide a mechanism fo=
r alternative expressions, as well as hiding the complexities of C++ type s=
yntax. =C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal=
;">The ultimate objective however, is general support for parts driven soft=
ware development and construction.=C2=A0 This has been a long sought after =
goal for many, and often there have been extravagant claims for success.=C2=
=A0 Existing technology has indeed produced a considerable collection of pa=
rts.=C2=A0 The focus here, however, is not on parts themselves, or on disco=
vering the holy grail of a fundamental and universal set of parts.=C2=A0 Ra=
ther, the key focus is on the mechanisms for connecting parts.</p><h3>Abstr=
act Syntax</h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;">An abs=
tract syntax represents the semantics of a syntax construct and the compone=
nts or terms used to denote those semantics. =C2=A0=C2=A0As with other abst=
ractions there is often generality here that can lead to increased function=
ality.</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;">A concrete =
syntax represents a particular representation of the components, usually as=
 some set of keywords, brackets and special symbols.=C2=A0 Alternatively, i=
t can use diagrams and tables and other presentation forms. =C2=A0Capabilit=
ies also represent a way of representing the semantics of a construct indep=
endently of any particular syntax.=C2=A0 In addition they extend this with =
support for alternative syntax components and for alternative data.</p><p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;">An abstract syntax suppor=
ts interoperability among different syntactical representations.=C2=A0 Capa=
bilities support interoperability for different syntax, syntax components a=
nd data sources.</p><h3><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&q=
uot;, serif;">Name Use Differentiation</span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Ro=
man&quot;, serif;">Clarity in the use of names for identification of differ=
ent categories of identifiers is critical in any syntax.=C2=A0=C2=A0 This i=
s particularly important for generic code.=C2=A0 For instance, elaborate sy=
ntax can be used with brackets and key words to distinguish type and object=
 names and their scopes.=C2=A0=C2=A0 For clarity in code reading, naming co=
nventions, such as leading caps or trailing =E2=80=9Ctype=E2=80=9D or plura=
l =E2=80=9Cs=E2=80=9D suffixes are often used to distinguish type names fro=
m object names.=C2=A0 Far simpler, and consistent, would be a distinguishin=
g naming convention.=C2=A0 This would provide language consistency and clar=
ity.=C2=A0=C2=A0 More significantly, it could, in fact, greatly simplify th=
e syntax.=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line=
-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, =
serif;">An extreme approach to this can be found in what is known as Hungar=
ian Notation, a rather elaborate approach to conveying type information. =
=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif=
;">More appropriate however, is to focus on the differing uses of names for=
 the primary abstractions of object, type and abstract type.=C2=A0 =C2=A0Fo=
r instance, reference to types, classes, structs, and unions might be ident=
ified with a prefix of =E2=80=9C#=E2=80=9D. =C2=A0Abstract Types represent =
a higher level of abstraction and could be declared with a prefix such as =
=E2=80=9C##=E2=80=9D or =E2=80=9C!=E2=80=9D. =C2=A0</span><span style=3D"fo=
nt-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">The prefix can be used when=
 the identifier is introduced to simplify syntax.=C2=A0 It is probably not =
as important for subsequent use of the identifier, but its consistent use c=
an enhance clarity in many contexts.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman=
&quot;, serif;">Example: template&lt;typename T&gt; concept bool C =3D true=
;</span><span style=3D"font-size: 9pt; font-family: LMMono9-Regular; color:=
 rgb(0, 154, 154);"></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:=
 normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=
becomes: =C2=A0##C</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: n=
ormal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Al=
so, since they are fundamentally very different things, it is useful to dis=
tinguish assignment of type expressions (=E2=86=90) from object expressions=
 (=3D), as well abstract type and namespace components (::) from object com=
ponents (.).</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;=
"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">With thi=
s, most uses of =E2=80=9Ctypedef=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Ctypename=E2=80=9D, =E2=
=80=9Cusing=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Crebind=E2=80=9D, and even =E2=80=9Ctemplate=
=E2=80=9D and angle brackets can be eliminated. =C2=A0Consider the followin=
g, which just sputters with =E2=80=9Ctype=E2=80=9D syllables:</span></p><p =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-fami=
ly: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 typ=
edef typename BaseType::value_type value_type</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al" style=3D"line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><span style=3D"font-fa=
mily: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">An alternative might be a type e=
xpression such as:</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: n=
ormal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 #value =E2=86=90 ##Base::#value;</span></p><=
h3><span lang=3D"X-NONE" style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,=
 serif;">Auto</span><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;=
, serif;"></span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"=
><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Auto is a=
 useful placeholder for a type that can be deduced.=C2=A0 This, however, lo=
ses information since the actual resulting type name is hidden.=C2=A0 An al=
ternative is =E2=80=9C#type=E2=80=9D to capture the name of the type.=C2=A0=
</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span styl=
e=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">For example:</span><=
/p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"fon=
t-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 #length l=
ength =3D vector.size( ) ; =C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D=
"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&qu=
ot;, serif;">For consistency, the basic auto keyword placeholder could be r=
eplaced with a simple =E2=80=9C#=E2=80=9D, and thus eliminate confusion wit=
h allocation concepts.</span></p><h3><span lang=3D"X-NONE" style=3D"font-fa=
mily: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Example</span><span style=3D"fon=
t-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">s</span></h3><p class=3D"Mso=
Normal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Ti=
mes New Roman&quot;, serif;">An basic example can be taken from STL proposa=
ls:</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span s=
tyle=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 template&lt;typename T&gt;=C2=A0<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 concept bool Readable() {<br>=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0return requires (T i) {=C2=A0<br>=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 typename Value_type;=
 {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {*i} =
-&gt; const Value_type&amp;;<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 };=C2=A0<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 };</span=
></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"f=
ont-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">This defines a property of=
 iterators.=C2=A0 The more general concept is Readable, which captures the =
general Capability to extract a value from an expression, and which is sugg=
ested below.=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: n=
ormal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Th=
e example assumes that the base language defines operations for the use of =
readable and writeable values (such as assignable).=C2=A0 Capability declar=
ations below provide a means for accessing values through use of diverse sy=
ntax constructs.=C2=A0 For instance, a template might access a data value i=
n a container or where the value itself is generate by a particular supplie=
r through a function.=C2=A0 The using code doesn=E2=80=99t care=C2=A0 =C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height=
: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"=
>Examples -=C2=A0 =C2=A0requirements in square brackets use &amp;&amp;, ||,=
 =C2=A0? and ~ =C2=A0for =E2=80=9Cand=E2=80=9D, =E2=80=9Cor=E2=80=9D. =E2=
=80=9Coptional=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cnot=E2=80=9D expressions.</span></p><p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-fam=
ily: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 Assignab=
le=C2=A0 {##Writeable w &amp;&amp; ##Readable r; w=3Dr , } ;</span></p><p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-famil=
y: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 Readable {=
</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span styl=
e=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 //=C2=A0 Value</span></p><p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family:=
 &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 (##Value v) { [v ?const ?&amp; ) || (v() ?co=
nst ?&amp;) ||( v.get() ?const ?&amp;)=C2=A0 };</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Time=
s New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0//=C2=A0 Access</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman=
&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 (##Value v, #Readable r) { r =E2=86=92 v };</span></p><p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family=
: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0// =C2=A0Pointer<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0 (##Pointer p , ##Pointer::#Readable r ) {* ?const p =
=E2=86=92 r};</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal=
;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0//=
 =C2=A0Function</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: norm=
al;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0(##F=
unction f , ##Argument a,=C2=A0 # Readable r ) {f(a) =E2=86=92 r} ;</span><=
/p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"fon=
t-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 // =C2=A0Member</span></p><p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-fam=
ily: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0(const ##Base b, #Member m, cons=
t # Readable r)<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0{[ b.m =E2=86=92 r) ] || [ (b.m( ) =E2=86=92 r ] || [=
 (b.m.get( ) =C2=A0=E2=86=92 r ] )};</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman=
&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0// =C2=A0Component</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Ro=
man&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0( ##C =E2=86=90 (##Map||##Vector||##array) c, ##Ind=
ex i, # Readable r) {c[i] =E2=86=92r} ;</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Ro=
man&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0</span><b><span style=3D"font-size: 14pt; font-family: &q=
uot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">. . .</span></b><span style=3D"font-fami=
ly: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New =
Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 // A common=
 Get function, similar to =E2=80=9Cinvoke=E2=80=9D for =E2=80=9Ccallable=E2=
=80=9D could be used.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height=
: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"=
>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0Get (##Pointer p,=C2=A0 # Readable r)</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal=
" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times Ne=
w Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {*p =E2=86=
=92 r) ;</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><s=
pan style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0Get (##F=
unction f , ##Parameter a, # Readable r)</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New R=
oman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {f(a) =E2=86=
=92 r};</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><sp=
an style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0Get (##B=
ase b, Member m,=C2=A0 # Readable r</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman=
&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {( b.m =E2=86=92 v ?&am=
p;) || (b.m( ) =E2=86=92 v ?&amp;) || (b.m.get( ) =E2=86=92 r};</span></p><=
p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-fa=
mily: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0Get ( ##C =E2=86=90 (##Map=
||##Vector||##array) c , ##Index I, ##C::# Readable r)</span></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &=
quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 { c[i=
] =E2=86=92r };=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" st=
yle=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Ro=
man&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0};=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0</span></p><=
p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-fa=
mily: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<b=
>. . .</b><br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =
##Writeable { Readable ~const, . . . } ;</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New R=
oman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0##Modifiable { ##Readable &amp=
;&amp; ##Writeable =C2=A0};</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-=
height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, s=
erif;">Then we can have:</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-hei=
ght: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, seri=
f;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 x =C2=A0int =E2=86=90##Writeable::Set (m=
ap, index) ; =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0/* specified by user or supplier</span></p><p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-fam=
ily: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 y =
int =E2=86=90 ##Readable:: Get (function, argument) ; =C2=A0/* specified by=
 supplier or user</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: no=
rmal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 x =3D y ;=C2=A0 //invokes Get and Set</span></p=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-=
family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">The above is a fairly trivial =
example, but it illustrates the principle of separation of mechanisms for a=
ccess to data constructs from the functional operations on the data values.=
=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><spa=
n style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Container acce=
ss provides some interesting possibilities for syntax commonality for gener=
alizations such as =E2=80=9Cinsert=E2=80=9D.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times N=
ew Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0 =C2=A0Insert (##V=E2=86=90##Vector v, ##V::#=
Element e) =E2=86=92##V v</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-he=
ight: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, ser=
if;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 {v.emplace_back (e) =E2=86=
=92v};</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><spa=
n style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0 =C2=A0I=
nsert (##V=E2=86=90##Vector v, ##V::#Positon p, ##V::#Element e) =E2=86=92 =
##V v</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span=
 style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 { v.emplace(v, p, e) =E2=86=92 v};=C2=A0=C2=A0<=
/span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=
=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0 =C2=A0Insert (=
##L=E2=86=90##List l, ##L::#Position p, ##L::#Element e)=E2=86=92 ##L l =C2=
=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span s=
tyle=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0{ l.insert(p, e) }=E2=86=92 l };</span></p><p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-famil=
y: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0Insert(##M=E2=86=
=90##Map m, ##M::#Key k, ##M::##Element e) =E2=86=92##M m<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0{ m.empl=
ace(k, e) =E2=86=92 m };=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0</span></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &=
quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0 Insert(##M=E2=86=90##Map m=
, ##M::#Pair p) =E2=86=92##M m<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0{ m.emplace(p.first, p.second) =E2=
=86=92 m };=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman=
&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0 Insert(##M=E2=86=90##Map m, ##M::#Element e) =
=E2=86=92##M m<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0{ m.emplace(e.key( ), e) =E2=86=92 m };=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;=
"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Or, more=
 generally:</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"=
><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0Insert (##C=E2=86=90##Container c, ##C::#Element e) =E2=86=92##C c=
</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span styl=
e=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0{ (Insert (c, e) =E2=86=92 c} ;</span></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &=
quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0 Insert (##C=E2=86=90##Cont=
ainer c, ##C::#Position p, ##C::#Element e ) =E2=86=92##C c</span></p><p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family=
: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0{ (Insert(c, p, e) =E2=86=92c };</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New =
Roman&quot;, serif;">And, still better yet, overload =E2=80=9C&lt;&lt;=E2=
=80=9D for container and stream insert and =E2=80=9C.=E2=80=9D for element =
access and use:</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: norm=
al;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 c &lt;&lt; e=C2=A0 ;</span></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &=
quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 c =
&lt;&lt;(p) e ;=C2=A0=C2=A0 /* or */ ; c.p &lt;&lt; e ;</span></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &=
quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Another useful extension could be based=
 on =E2=80=9Cinvoke=E2=80=9D, to supply a continuation function call.=C2=A0=
 This supports a useful pattern for pipes.=C2=A0 Also, this could be combin=
ed with tests to handle special conditions, errors and exceptions.</span></=
p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font=
-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Somewhat different are requir=
ements for expressions over type constructs.=C2=A0 For example:</span></p><=
p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-fa=
mily: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 t=
emplate&lt;typename T&gt;=C2=A0<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 concept bool Input_range() {<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0return requires(T range) {=C2=A0<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 typename Iterator_type;<br>=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 requires In=
put_iterator;=C2=A0<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 };<br>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0};</span></p><p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-famil=
y: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">This can become:</span></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &=
quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 ##Input_=
range =C2=A0=E2=86=90 ##Range::#Iterator::category =3D=3D Input ;</span></p=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-=
family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">An objective for these syntax =
constructs is that, with little practice, the syntax can be read, and gener=
ally written, directly from their intended semantics.=C2=A0</span></p><h3><=
span lang=3D"X-NONE">Principles</span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quo=
t;, serif;">These examples illustrate fundamental principles of context acc=
ess, of process abstraction, and of generality.=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D=
"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: Symb=
ol;">=C2=B7<span style=3D"font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height=
: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0</span></span><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times =
New Roman&quot;, serif;">The approach effectively provides a general mechan=
ism for computations over values, that is separated from the context in whi=
ch the values reside, and from where they must be extracted and inserted.=
=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal; text-=
indent: 0in;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, seri=
f;">This essentially provides a base for exploiting many of the constructs =
and facilities of functional programming.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: Symbol;">=C2=B7<=
span style=3D"font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; fo=
nt-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0</span></span><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&qu=
ot;, serif;">It provides a mechanism for system and user libraries to encap=
sulate and thereby exploit the extensive syntax mechanisms that are evolvin=
g for C++, in a manner that lends to increased readability and understandin=
g of the using code functionality.=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: Symbol;">=C2=B7<s=
pan style=3D"font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; fon=
t-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0</span></span><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&qu=
ot;, serif;">More generally, it can support a range of abstractions for tye=
ps, data and processing, which can then be separately mapped to concrete im=
plementations.=C2=A0</span></p><h3><span lang=3D"X-NONE" style=3D"font-fami=
ly: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Function Parameter</span><span sty=
le=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">s</span><span lang=
=3D"X-NONE" style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"></sp=
an></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=
=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Much of the complexit=
y of parameter type specification is tied up with the complexities of mappi=
ng function call arguments to declaration parameters.</span></p><p class=3D=
"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quo=
t;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Function declarations specify how the func=
tion can use supplied parameters with various categories of modes for read,=
 reference, modify, copy and move.=C2=A0 C++ specifications use const and r=
eference decorators to indirectly indicate what is intended.=C2=A0 This sta=
rted out to be reasonably straightforward, until references to references a=
nd special support for =E2=80=9Crvalues=E2=80=9D were needed.</span></p><p =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-fami=
ly: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Much, if not all needed simplifica=
tion and clarity can occur with syntax for the declaration of a parameter t=
hat directly indicates its purpose and its use.=C2=A0 In many cases this ca=
n start with simply distinguishing inputs from outputs in the function decl=
aration.=C2=A0 This is done in some languages with specific =E2=80=9Cin=E2=
=80=9D and =E2=80=9Cout=E2=80=9D mode specifications for the parameter.=C2=
=A0 Since =E2=80=9Cin=E2=80=9D is the most common it can be elided.=C2=A0 A=
lso, whether or not a copy is made internally by, or for the function is of=
 no concern to the caller or to the declaration.=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 With thi=
s =E2=80=9Cout=E2=80=9D parameters indicate values that the function can mo=
dify.=C2=A0 Return parameters are values the function can return, including=
 tuples.=C2=A0 These categories can be specified separately.=C2=A0 For inst=
ance:=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"=
><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 functionName (inParms . . .=C2=A0 )(outParms . . . ) =
=E2=86=92 result;</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: no=
rmal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Fun=
ction invocation could require the extra brackets for the sake of clarity.=
=C2=A0 The compiler can decide, at least for most cases, among copy, move (=
if available), reference, const, pointer extraction, copy elision, etc.=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 Also, if there is some particular need in the declaration, a prog=
rammer can specify conversions, to be used or preferred.=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;=
"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=E2=80=
=9CMove semantics=E2=80=9D introduces a completely different mode of parame=
ter use; i.e., values that can be invalidated.=C2=A0 These are used for cop=
ying of temporaries and are chosen implicitly through function overload.=C2=
=A0 These can be clearly indicated with an additional mode category.</span>=
</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"fo=
nt-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 functionName (inParms . . .=C2=A0 )(outParms . . . )(moveParms . . . )=
=E2=86=92 result;</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: no=
rmal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">The=
re is also a category of generic parameters that can be passed to a functio=
n and can be of any of the above categories.=C2=A0 These are then forward t=
o a specific function invocation for which all the rules of function overlo=
ad selection and validation are applied when the function is instantiated.=
=C2=A0=C2=A0 Such usage can be indicated, for instance, with double parens;=
 i.e. ((genericParms)).=C2=A0</span></p><h3><span lang=3D"X-NONE" style=3D"=
font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Captured Names</span></h3=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-=
family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Although it is often looked up=
on as dangerous, u</span><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&=
quot;, serif;">se or =E2=80=9Ccapture=E2=80=9D of names outside of a functi=
on declaration or definition is common, but often lacks clarity. =C2=A0</sp=
an></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D=
"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">For lambdas, this use is=
 explicitly indicated with special bracket syntax.=C2=A0 This can be extend=
ed for any function declaration.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"=
line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quo=
t;, serif;">For example:</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-hei=
ght: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, seri=
f;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 functionName (inputs . . . )(outputs . . . ) =E2=86=
=92 result [=3Dname1, &amp;name2, . . . ] {. . .};</span><span style=3D"fon=
t-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal" style=3D"line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><span style=3D"font-=
family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">or better,</span></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &=
quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 functionName(inputs.=
 . .)(outputs. . .) =E2=86=92 result [name1 . . .][name2 . . .] {. . .};</s=
pan></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=
=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Also, while capture o=
ccurs in the scope of the function declaration, it is can also be useful to=
 provide capture in the context of the function definition and, possibly ev=
en with generics, in the instantiation context. This could be indicated wit=
h repetition of prefix characters for the unusual latter cases, e.g. =E2=80=
=9C=3D=3D=E2=80=9D and =E2=80=9C=3D=3D=3D=E2=80=9D.=C2=A0 Since, such uses =
are unusual and require special notice, simpler might be to use double and =
triple brackets in the declaration.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=
=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman=
&quot;, serif;">As part of this, the square brackets can also introduce tem=
plate requirements:</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: =
normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 fun(##A a, ##B b) (##C c)=E2=86=92 result [x=
, (c=3D a*x+b ) ] { . . . } ;</span></p><h3><span style=3D"font-family: &qu=
ot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Name Scope Use</span></h3><p class=3D"Mso=
Normal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Ti=
mes New Roman&quot;, serif;">Clarity in the scope of names used in code is =
critical to understanding the intent of the programs in which they occur.=
=C2=A0 This is relevant=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times=
 New Roman&quot;, serif;">at different levels of brackets, functions, param=
eters, name scope, derived class definitions and local declarations, etc.=
=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><spa=
n style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Lack of clarit=
y of the scope of a name can lead to interesting=C2=A0</span><span style=3D=
"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">maga</span><span style=
=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">zine columns.=C2=A0 M=
ore critically this it can lead to subtle bugs especially when code is late=
r modified and extended.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-hei=
ght: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, seri=
f;">Prefix characters are useful here also to highlight the use of names th=
at are not part of the local specification.=C2=A0 Function parameters in so=
me languages are addressed with a leading character such as =E2=80=9C$=E2=
=80=9D.=C2=A0 Captured names require more clarity and perhaps a prefix such=
 as =E2=80=9C@=E2=80=9D.=C2=A0 Local variable names in a class often have a=
 =E2=80=9C_=E2=80=9D prefix, in both the declaration and use.=C2=A0 Such sp=
ecifications are critical to understanding code and could be inserted by th=
e compiler (or tool) automatically, if not supplied. =C2=A0Short alias pref=
ixes derived from namespaces are useful to identify the source and hence me=
aning of names.=C2=A0=C2=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-=
height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, s=
erif;">Some consolidation and systemization of such conventions can be eith=
er explicitly specified by syntax, or implicitly by rules declared to the c=
ompiler by pragmas.</span></p><h3><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times N=
ew Roman&quot;, serif;">Factored Attributes</span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times N=
ew Roman&quot;, serif;">Keywords for public, protected, private, namespace =
and using directives, all introduce bracketed sections of declarations with=
 common attributes.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: =
normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">T=
his could be systematically extended to provide structuring for any attribu=
te.=C2=A0 It would be especially useful for long lists of declarations.=C2=
=A0</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span s=
tyle=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Also, it could cl=
arify the use of =E2=80=9Cstatic=E2=80=9D, which connotes little of what it=
 actually means. =C2=A0Inside a class or function scope, a keyword such as =
=E2=80=9Cfixed=E2=80=9D might be clearer.=C2=A0 Outside a class or function=
 context, names can be declared =E2=80=9Cfile scope=E2=80=9D, or, perhaps b=
etter, =E2=80=9Clocal=E2=80=9D.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"l=
ine-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot=
;, serif;">A related category might be =E2=80=9Cthread local=E2=80=9D.</spa=
n></p><h3><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">=
Leading Names in Declarations=C2=A0</span><span lang=3D"X-NONE" style=3D"fo=
nt-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;"></span></h3><p class=3D"Mso=
Normal" style=3D"line-height: normal;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Ti=
mes New Roman&quot;, serif;">Much of the previous aims to introduce names a=
t the left of a line of code to make it easy to scan the code looking for a=
 declaration.</span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height: normal=
;"><span style=3D"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;">Declara=
tions can be obtuse when they bury a name declaration in the middle of a co=
mplex syntax structure.=C2=A0 Function type names are a simple and obvious =
example.=C2=A0</span></p></div>

<p></p>

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.

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On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 6:51:36 PM UTC-5, billc...@gmail.com=20
wrote:
>
> Introduction
>
> This somewhat provocative note was posted earlier on the S8 Concepts=20
> forum, since it is largely related to templates and Concepts.  As it did=
=20
> not provoke a response there, I thought it might be of some interest here=
.. =20
>
> This note suggests some generalization and simplification of C++ language=
=20
> syntax, largely based on extensions of what is currently in =E2=80=9CConc=
epts=20
> Lite=E2=80=9D.   There is some general discussion of reasons for what exi=
sts, and=20
> of future evolution.   Since it is a rather long note for a forum entry,=
=20
> skipping to the Examples section might provide a quick overview of some o=
f=20
> the resulting possibilities.
>

It's probably not a good idea to start by telling the reader to jump to the=
=20
end if they want to know what you're actually talking about.

One of the problems with this is that it's basically trying to tackle a=20
bunch of syntactic changes, all of which have fundamentally different=20
reasons and justifications. Each change is really something that ought to=
=20
have its own conversation; dumping them in the same thread/paper/etc makes=
=20
that exceedingly difficult.

Indeed, the organization of your ideas is very odd. You start by talking=20
about how syntax for some things in unclear. Then you talk about backwards=
=20
compatibility through #pragmas or some such. And yet, your later=20
discussions don't actually use #pragmas; their syntax fits within the=20
existing scope of C++.

In any case, I find your concept syntax to be dubious. It only seems to=20
work for concepts that represent a single type. Concepts which act on=20
multiple types, or non-type values don't seem to exist within your syntax.=
=20
And while I'm no fan of the existing concepts TS concept definition syntax,=
=20
I think an appropriate syntax would not need to be nearly as radical as you=
=20
suggest.

Something like this would be adequate:

template<...>
concept ConceptName(RequiresParameters) {RequiresClause}

Which would translate to something that acts like this:

template<...>
concept bool ConceptName =3D requires(RequiresParameters) {RequiresClause};

Obviously, the parts that are optional for a `requires` expression are=20
optional for a `concept` definition. This syntax would get rid of most of=
=20
the pointless noise of concept definitions, but still allowing them to take=
=20
multiple template parameters and the like.

And subjectively, I find your syntax's copious use of `#` to be like=20
constantly getting poked in the eye.

On your new function declaration syntax, I find your statement that the=20
compiler can arbitrarily determine if a parameter should be taken by value=
=20
or reference to be... dubious. If a function takes a parameter by &&, how=
=20
do you say that? It's an output parameter, but it's not like other output=
=20
parameters; the user is supposed to call `std::move` or the like to fill it=
=20
in. Conceptually, a && parameter is one that is taking an object that it=20
will move or forward from, not merely modify.

Furthermore, there is no discussion about how such declarations would be=20
handled at the ABI level. If you're going to radically alter how we declare=
=20
functions, you need to think about these kinds of issues.

As for your discussion of naming, scopes, and name prefixes... that seems=
=20
to defeat the whole purpose of having name scope reach be implicit. The=20
whole point of having such scopes is that they're implicit; that you don't=
=20
have to use special syntax to say if a name is captured in a lambda or not.=
=20
That your code can look *normal*, that it doesn't explicitly have to call=
=20
out things that are by definition implicit.

That's a good thing.

Also, a few other comments:
=20

> More difficult are library facilities for interacting with compiler=20
> constructs for multiple types of references (rvalue, glvalue, prvalue, . =
..=20
> .)
>

glvalue and prvalue are not "types of references"; they're categories of=20
*expressions*. And "rvalue reference" doesn't mean the same thing as an=20
"rvalue expression".

> =20

> =E2=80=9CModernization=E2=80=9D of C++ syntax could start with removal of=
 tri-graph=20
> support.
>

C++17 is already doing that.

A Goggle query for =E2=80=9Cregular types=E2=80=9D produces an assortment o=
f unrelated=20
> concepts.   =E2=80=9CStructured=E2=80=9D seems more user friendly than =
=E2=80=9Csemi-regular=E2=80=9D to=20
> indicate operations for allocation, deallocation, copy, move, assign, and=
=20
> swap.  Similarly, =E2=80=9Centity=E2=80=9D could indicate basic classes t=
hat are=20
> =E2=80=9Cstructured=E2=80=9D, and which also have comparison and ordering=
 operations=20
> defined.
>

While I might agree that "semi-regular" and "regular" don't easily make=20
sense as terms, "structured" and "entity" are no better. What is it about a=
=20
type's copy/move behavior that makes it "structured"? What does it mean for=
=20
a type to be an "entity"?

Also, the entire game development industry that already has a definition=20
for the term "entity" and that isn't it. Let's not make that more confusing=
..

--=20
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "=
ISO C++ Standard - Future Proposals" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an e=
mail to std-proposals+unsubscribe@isocpp.org.
To post to this group, send email to std-proposals@isocpp.org.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/a/isocpp=
..org/d/msgid/std-proposals/cfc32d5b-9e45-4659-9164-17f75a8d578e%40isocpp.or=
g.

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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><br>On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 6:51:36 PM UTC-=
5, billc...@gmail.com wrote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"marg=
in: 0;margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><d=
iv dir=3D"ltr"><h3><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,s=
erif">Introduction</span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:n=
ormal"><font face=3D"Times New Roman, serif">This somewhat provocative note=
 was posted earlier on the S8 Concepts forum, since it is largely related t=
o templates and Concepts. =C2=A0As it did not provoke a response there, I t=
hought it might be of some interest here. =C2=A0</font></p><p class=3D"MsoN=
ormal" style=3D"line-height:normal"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;Times =
New Roman&quot;,serif">This note suggests some generalization and simplific=
ation of C++ language syntax, largely based on extensions of what is curren=
tly in =E2=80=9CConcepts Lite=E2=80=9D.=C2=A0 =C2=A0There is some general d=
iscussion of reasons for what exists, and of future evolution. =C2=A0=C2=A0=
Since it is a rather long note for a forum entry, skipping to the Examples =
section might provide a quick overview of some of the resulting possibiliti=
es.</span></p></div></blockquote><div><br>It&#39;s probably not a good idea=
 to start by telling the reader to jump to the end if they want to know wha=
t you&#39;re actually talking about.<br><br>One of the problems with this i=
s that it&#39;s basically trying to tackle a bunch of syntactic changes, al=
l of which have fundamentally different reasons and justifications. Each ch=
ange is really something that ought to have its own conversation; dumping t=
hem in the same thread/paper/etc makes that exceedingly difficult.<br><br>I=
ndeed, the organization of your ideas is very odd. You start by talking abo=
ut how syntax for some things in unclear. Then you talk about backwards com=
patibility through #pragmas or some such. And yet, your later discussions d=
on&#39;t actually use #pragmas; their syntax fits within the existing scope=
 of C++.<br><br>In any case, I find your concept syntax to be dubious. It o=
nly seems to work for concepts that represent a single type. Concepts which=
 act on multiple types, or non-type values don&#39;t seem to exist within y=
our syntax. And while I&#39;m no fan of the existing concepts TS concept de=
finition syntax, I think an appropriate syntax would not need to be nearly =
as radical as you suggest.<br><br>Something like this would be adequate:<br=
><br><div style=3D"background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-color: rgb(=
187, 187, 187); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow-wrap: brea=
k-word;" class=3D"prettyprint"><code class=3D"prettyprint"><div class=3D"su=
bprettyprint"><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">tem=
plate</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&lt;.=
...&gt;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br>=
</span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">concept</s=
pan><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span=
 style=3D"color: #606;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">ConceptName</span><spa=
n style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">(</span><span style=
=3D"color: #606;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">RequiresParameters</span><sp=
an style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">)</span><span style=
=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color=
: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">{</span><span style=3D"color: #606;" =
class=3D"styled-by-prettify">RequiresClause</span><span style=3D"color: #66=
0;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">}</span></div></code></div><br>Which would=
 translate to something that acts like this:<br><br><div style=3D"backgroun=
d-color: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-style=
: solid; border-width: 1px; overflow-wrap: break-word;" class=3D"prettyprin=
t"><code class=3D"prettyprint"><div class=3D"subprettyprint"><span style=3D=
"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">template</span><span style=3D"c=
olor: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&lt;...&gt;</span><span style=3D"=
color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br></span><span style=3D"color:=
 #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">concept</span><span style=3D"color: #0=
00;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #008;" clas=
s=3D"styled-by-prettify">bool</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"s=
tyled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #606;" class=3D"styled-by-=
prettify">ConceptName</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by=
-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify=
">=3D</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> requ=
ires</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">(</spa=
n><span style=3D"color: #606;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">RequiresParamet=
ers</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">)</span=
><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span st=
yle=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">{</span><span style=3D"co=
lor: #606;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">RequiresClause</span><span style=
=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">};</span><span style=3D"colo=
r: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br></span></div></code></div><br>Ob=
viously, the parts that are optional for a `requires` expression are option=
al for a `concept` definition. This syntax would get rid of most of the poi=
ntless noise of concept definitions, but still allowing them to take multip=
le template parameters and the like.<br><br>And subjectively, I find your s=
yntax&#39;s copious use of `#` to be like constantly getting poked in the e=
ye.<br><br>On your new function declaration syntax, I find your statement t=
hat the compiler can arbitrarily determine if a parameter should be taken b=
y value or reference to be... dubious. If a function takes a parameter by &=
amp;&amp;, how do you say that? It&#39;s an output parameter, but it&#39;s =
not like other output parameters; the user is supposed to call `std::move` =
or the like to fill it in. Conceptually, a &amp;&amp; parameter is one that=
 is taking an object that it will move or forward from, not merely modify.<=
br><br>Furthermore, there is no discussion about how such declarations woul=
d be handled at the ABI level. If you&#39;re going to radically alter how w=
e declare functions, you need to think about these kinds of issues.<br><br>=
As for your discussion of naming, scopes, and name prefixes... that seems t=
o defeat the whole purpose of having name scope reach be implicit. The whol=
e point of having such scopes is that they&#39;re implicit; that you don&#3=
9;t have to use special syntax to say if a name is captured in a lambda or =
not. That your code can look <i>normal</i>, that it doesn&#39;t explicitly =
have to call out things that are by definition implicit.<br><br>That&#39;s =
a good thing.<br><br>Also, a few other comments:<br>=C2=A0</div><blockquote=
 class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0;margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1=
px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"ltr"><p class=3D"MsoNormal" s=
tyle=3D"line-height:normal"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;Times New Roma=
n&quot;,serif">More difficult are library facilities for interacting with c=
ompiler constructs for multiple types of references (rvalue, glvalue, prval=
ue, . . .)</span></p></div></blockquote><div><br>glvalue and prvalue are no=
t &quot;types of references&quot;; they&#39;re categories of <i>expressions=
</i>. And &quot;rvalue reference&quot; doesn&#39;t mean the same thing as a=
n &quot;rvalue expression&quot;.<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote"=
 style=3D"margin: 0;margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-=
left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"ltr"></div></blockquote><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquot=
e class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0;margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: =
1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"ltr"><p class=3D"MsoNormal" =
style=3D"line-height:normal"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;Times New Rom=
an&quot;,serif"> =E2=80=9CModernization=E2=80=9D of C++ syntax could start =
with removal of tri-graph support.</span></p></div></blockquote><div><br>C+=
+17 is already doing that.<br><br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" s=
tyle=3D"margin: 0;margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-le=
ft: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"ltr"><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:norm=
al"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">A Goggle =
query for =E2=80=9Cregular types=E2=80=9D produces an assortment of unrelat=
ed concepts.=C2=A0 =C2=A0=E2=80=9CStructured=E2=80=9D seems more user frien=
dly than =E2=80=9Csemi-regular=E2=80=9D to indicate operations for allocati=
on, deallocation, copy, move, assign, and swap.=C2=A0 Similarly, =E2=80=9Ce=
ntity=E2=80=9D could indicate basic classes that are =E2=80=9Cstructured=E2=
=80=9D, and which also have comparison and ordering operations defined.</sp=
an></p></div></blockquote><div><br>While I might agree that &quot;semi-regu=
lar&quot; and &quot;regular&quot; don&#39;t easily make sense as terms, &qu=
ot;structured&quot; and &quot;entity&quot; are no better. What is it about =
a type&#39;s copy/move behavior that makes it &quot;structured&quot;? What =
does it mean for a type to be an &quot;entity&quot;?<br><br>Also, the entir=
e game development industry that already has a definition for the term &quo=
t;entity&quot; and that isn&#39;t it. Let&#39;s not make that more confusin=
g.</div><br></div>

<p></p>

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=E5=9C=A8 2016=E5=B9=B412=E6=9C=881=E6=97=A5=E6=98=9F=E6=9C=9F=E5=9B=9B UTC=
+8=E4=B8=8A=E5=8D=889:07:18=EF=BC=8CNicol Bolas=E5=86=99=E9=81=93=EF=BC=9A
>
>
> A Goggle query for =E2=80=9Cregular types=E2=80=9D produces an assortment=
 of unrelated=20
>> concepts.   =E2=80=9CStructured=E2=80=9D seems more user friendly than =
=E2=80=9Csemi-regular=E2=80=9D to=20
>> indicate operations for allocation, deallocation, copy, move, assign, an=
d=20
>> swap.  Similarly, =E2=80=9Centity=E2=80=9D could indicate basic classes =
that are=20
>> =E2=80=9Cstructured=E2=80=9D, and which also have comparison and orderin=
g operations=20
>> defined.
>>
>
> While I might agree that "semi-regular" and "regular" don't easily make=
=20
> sense as terms, "structured" and "entity" are no better. What is it about=
 a=20
> type's copy/move behavior that makes it "structured"? What does it mean f=
or=20
> a type to be an "entity"?
>
> "Entity" is even worse because the meaning here clashes with well-defined=
=20
normative terms. A *type *is really an *entity *as per Clause 3 by now,=20
though.

--=20
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<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><br>=E5=9C=A8 2016=E5=B9=B412=E6=9C=881=E6=97=A5=E6=98=
=9F=E6=9C=9F=E5=9B=9B UTC+8=E4=B8=8A=E5=8D=889:07:18=EF=BC=8CNicol Bolas=E5=
=86=99=E9=81=93=EF=BC=9A<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: =
0;margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div d=
ir=3D"ltr"><br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0;margin-l=
eft:0.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><p =
class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:normal"><span style=3D"font-family=
:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">A Goggle query for =E2=80=9Cregular typ=
es=E2=80=9D produces an assortment of unrelated concepts.=C2=A0 =C2=A0=E2=
=80=9CStructured=E2=80=9D seems more user friendly than =E2=80=9Csemi-regul=
ar=E2=80=9D to indicate operations for allocation, deallocation, copy, move=
, assign, and swap.=C2=A0 Similarly, =E2=80=9Centity=E2=80=9D could indicat=
e basic classes that are =E2=80=9Cstructured=E2=80=9D, and which also have =
comparison and ordering operations defined.</span></p></div></blockquote><d=
iv><br>While I might agree that &quot;semi-regular&quot; and &quot;regular&=
quot; don&#39;t easily make sense as terms, &quot;structured&quot; and &quo=
t;entity&quot; are no better. What is it about a type&#39;s copy/move behav=
ior that makes it &quot;structured&quot;? What does it mean for a type to b=
e an &quot;entity&quot;?<br><br></div></div></blockquote><div>&quot;Entity&=
quot; is even worse because the meaning here clashes with well-defined norm=
ative terms. A <i>type </i>is really an <i>entity </i>as per Clause 3 by no=
w, though.<br></div></div>

<p></p>

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On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 8:07:18 PM UTC-5, Nicol Bolas wrote:
>
>
>
> On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 6:51:36 PM UTC-5, billc...@gmail.com=
=20
> wrote:
>>
>> Introduction
>>
>> This somewhat provocative note was posted earlier on the S8 Concepts=20
>> forum, since it is largely related to templates and Concepts.  As it did=
=20
>> not provoke a response there, I thought it might be of some interest her=
e. =20
>>
>> This note suggests some generalization and simplification of C++ languag=
e=20
>> syntax, largely based on extensions of what is currently in =E2=80=9CCon=
cepts=20
>> Lite=E2=80=9D.   There is some general discussion of reasons for what ex=
ists, and=20
>> of future evolution.   Since it is a rather long note for a forum entry,=
=20
>> skipping to the Examples section might provide a quick overview of some =
of=20
>> the resulting possibilities.
>>
>
> It's probably not a good idea to start by telling the reader to jump to=
=20
> the end if they want to know what you're actually talking about.
>
> One of the problems with this is that it's basically trying to tackle a=
=20
> bunch of syntactic changes, all of which have fundamentally different=20
> reasons and justifications. Each change is really something that ought to=
=20
> have its own conversation; dumping them in the same thread/paper/etc make=
s=20
> that exceedingly difficult.
>
=20
Clearly the suggestions do indeed need separate detailed and precise=20
proposals.  This is a somewhat different note than is usually found here.=
=20
 It attempts to suggest the possibility for rethinking a major syntax=20
revision to dramatically increase the expressiveness and scope of=20
fundamental C++ abstractions.=20
=20

>
> And subjectively, I find your syntax's copious use of `#` to be like=20
> constantly getting poked in the eye.
>
=20
Clear and simple distinctions among things that look alike, but are=20
fundamentally quite different, are useful. Something less intrusive, such=
=20
as ".", might work better. =20

>
> On your new function declaration syntax, I find your statement that the=
=20
> compiler can arbitrarily determine if a parameter should be taken by valu=
e=20
> or reference to be... dubious. If a function takes a parameter by &&, how=
=20
> do you say that? It's an output parameter, but it's not like other output=
=20
> parameters; the user is supposed to call `std::move` or the like to fill =
it=20
> in. Conceptually, a && parameter is one that is taking an object that it=
=20
> will move or forward from, not merely modify.
>
=20
This is a good example of the gist of my post.  Flagging a parameter as &&=
=20
is an ambiguous extension  (universal reference / rvalue reference) of what=
=20
seems like a somewhat awkward convention already.  The suggestion is for=20
syntax that more clearly indicates intent. =20

>
> Furthermore, there is no discussion about how such declarations would be=
=20
> handled at the ABI level. If you're going to radically alter how we decla=
re=20
> functions, you need to think about these kinds of issues.
>
=20
A related post on S8 discusses the possibility of providing a basic header=
=20
file (with or without Concepts), to permit template compilation, and then=
=20
subsequent type safe binding of the resulting compilation to actual=20
parameters, either at compile or run time.  The approach, as for current=20
abstract types, relies on manipulation of resulting "vtables".=20

>
> As for your discussion of naming, scopes, and name prefixes... that seems=
=20
> to defeat the whole purpose of having name scope reach be implicit. The=
=20
> whole point of having such scopes is that they're implicit; that you don'=
t=20
> have to use special syntax to say if a name is captured in a lambda or no=
t.=20
> That your code can look *normal*, that it doesn't explicitly have to call=
=20
> out things that are by definition implicit.
>
> That's a good thing.
>
=20
Yes, there are significant trade-offs to be made between concise syntax=20
(think APL) and verbose syntax with explicit redundancy (think COBOL and=20
XML).  Choices depend on the intended audience for the code.  Mappings to=
=20
and from common "abstract syntax" is an intriguing possibility, where this=
=20
can lend different aspects of clarity. =20

>
>

--=20
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "=
ISO C++ Standard - Future Proposals" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an e=
mail to std-proposals+unsubscribe@isocpp.org.
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<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><br>On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 8:07:18 PM UTC-=
5, Nicol Bolas wrote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0;m=
argin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir=
=3D"ltr"><br><br>On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 6:51:36 PM UTC-5, <a>bi=
llc...@gmail.com</a> wrote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margi=
n:0;margin-left:0.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir=
=3D"ltr"><h3><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">=
Introduction</span></h3><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:normal"=
><font face=3D"Times New Roman, serif">This somewhat provocative note was p=
osted earlier on the S8 Concepts forum, since it is largely related to temp=
lates and Concepts. =C2=A0As it did not provoke a response there, I thought=
 it might be of some interest here. =C2=A0</font></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"line-height:normal"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;Times New Ro=
man&quot;,serif">This note suggests some generalization and simplification =
of C++ language syntax, largely based on extensions of what is currently in=
 =E2=80=9CConcepts Lite=E2=80=9D.=C2=A0 =C2=A0There is some general discuss=
ion of reasons for what exists, and of future evolution. =C2=A0=C2=A0Since =
it is a rather long note for a forum entry, skipping to the Examples sectio=
n might provide a quick overview of some of the resulting possibilities.</s=
pan></p></div></blockquote><div><br>It&#39;s probably not a good idea to st=
art by telling the reader to jump to the end if they want to know what you&=
#39;re actually talking about.<br><br>One of the problems with this is that=
 it&#39;s basically trying to tackle a bunch of syntactic changes, all of w=
hich have fundamentally different reasons and justifications. Each change i=
s really something that ought to have its own conversation; dumping them in=
 the same thread/paper/etc makes that exceedingly difficult.<br></div></div=
></blockquote><div>=C2=A0</div><div>Clearly the suggestions do indeed need =
separate detailed and precise proposals. =C2=A0This is a somewhat different=
 note than is usually found here. =C2=A0It attempts to suggest the possibil=
ity for rethinking a major syntax revision to dramatically increase the exp=
ressiveness and scope of fundamental C++ abstractions.=C2=A0<br></div><div>=
=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0;margin-lef=
t: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"ltr"><=
div><br>And subjectively, I find your syntax&#39;s copious use of `#` to be=
 like constantly getting poked in the eye.<br></div></div></blockquote><div=
>=C2=A0</div><div>Clear and simple distinctions among things that look alik=
e, but are fundamentally quite different, are useful. Something less intrus=
ive, such as &quot;.&quot;, might work better. =C2=A0</div><blockquote clas=
s=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0;margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #c=
cc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><br>On your new function=
 declaration syntax, I find your statement that the compiler can arbitraril=
y determine if a parameter should be taken by value or reference to be... d=
ubious. If a function takes a parameter by &amp;&amp;, how do you say that?=
 It&#39;s an output parameter, but it&#39;s not like other output parameter=
s; the user is supposed to call `std::move` or the like to fill it in. Conc=
eptually, a &amp;&amp; parameter is one that is taking an object that it wi=
ll move or forward from, not merely modify.<br></div></div></blockquote><di=
v>=C2=A0<br></div><div>This is a good example of the gist of my post. =C2=
=A0Flagging a parameter as &amp;&amp; is an ambiguous extension =C2=A0(univ=
ersal reference / rvalue reference) of what seems like a somewhat awkward c=
onvention already. =C2=A0The suggestion is for syntax that more clearly ind=
icates intent. =C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margi=
n: 0;margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><di=
v dir=3D"ltr"><div><br>Furthermore, there is no discussion about how such d=
eclarations would be handled at the ABI level. If you&#39;re going to radic=
ally alter how we declare functions, you need to think about these kinds of=
 issues.<br></div></div></blockquote><div>=C2=A0</div><div>A related post o=
n S8 discusses the possibility of providing a basic header file (with or wi=
thout Concepts), to permit template compilation, and then subsequent type s=
afe binding of the resulting compilation to actual parameters, either at co=
mpile or run time. =C2=A0The approach, as for current abstract types, relie=
s on manipulation of resulting &quot;vtables&quot;.=C2=A0</div><blockquote =
class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0;margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1p=
x #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><br>As for your disc=
ussion of naming, scopes, and name prefixes... that seems to defeat the who=
le purpose of having name scope reach be implicit. The whole point of havin=
g such scopes is that they&#39;re implicit; that you don&#39;t have to use =
special syntax to say if a name is captured in a lambda or not. That your c=
ode can look <i>normal</i>, that it doesn&#39;t explicitly have to call out=
 things that are by definition implicit.<br><br>That&#39;s a good thing.<br=
></div></div></blockquote><div>=C2=A0</div><div>Yes, there are significant =
trade-offs to be made between concise syntax (think APL) and verbose syntax=
 with explicit redundancy (think COBOL and XML). =C2=A0Choices depend on th=
e intended audience for the code. =C2=A0Mappings to and from common &quot;a=
bstract syntax&quot; is an intriguing possibility, where this can lend diff=
erent aspects of clarity. =C2=A0<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote"=
 style=3D"margin: 0;margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-=
left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"ltr"><br></div></blockquote></div>

<p></p>

-- <br />
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On Thursday, December 8, 2016 at 11:52:28 AM UTC-5, billc...@gmail.com=20
wrote:
>
> On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 8:07:18 PM UTC-5, Nicol Bolas wrote:
>>
>> On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 6:51:36 PM UTC-5, billc...@gmail.com=
=20
>> wrote:
>>>
>>> Introduction
>>>
>>> This somewhat provocative note was posted earlier on the S8 Concepts=20
>>> forum, since it is largely related to templates and Concepts.  As it di=
d=20
>>> not provoke a response there, I thought it might be of some interest he=
re. =20
>>>
>>> This note suggests some generalization and simplification of C++=20
>>> language syntax, largely based on extensions of what is currently in=20
>>> =E2=80=9CConcepts Lite=E2=80=9D.   There is some general discussion of =
reasons for what=20
>>> exists, and of future evolution.   Since it is a rather long note for a=
=20
>>> forum entry, skipping to the Examples section might provide a quick=20
>>> overview of some of the resulting possibilities.
>>>
>>
>> It's probably not a good idea to start by telling the reader to jump to=
=20
>> the end if they want to know what you're actually talking about.
>>
>> One of the problems with this is that it's basically trying to tackle a=
=20
>> bunch of syntactic changes, all of which have fundamentally different=20
>> reasons and justifications. Each change is really something that ought t=
o=20
>> have its own conversation; dumping them in the same thread/paper/etc mak=
es=20
>> that exceedingly difficult.
>>
> =20
> Clearly the suggestions do indeed need separate detailed and precise=20
> proposals.  This is a somewhat different note than is usually found here.=
=20
>  It attempts to suggest the possibility for rethinking a major syntax=20
> revision to dramatically increase the expressiveness and scope of=20
> fundamental C++ abstractions.=20
> =20
>
>>
>> And subjectively, I find your syntax's copious use of `#` to be like=20
>> constantly getting poked in the eye.
>>
> =20
> Clear and simple distinctions among things that look alike, but are=20
> fundamentally quite different, are useful. Something less intrusive, such=
=20
> as ".", might work better. =20
>
>>
>> On your new function declaration syntax, I find your statement that the=
=20
>> compiler can arbitrarily determine if a parameter should be taken by val=
ue=20
>> or reference to be... dubious. If a function takes a parameter by &&, ho=
w=20
>> do you say that? It's an output parameter, but it's not like other outpu=
t=20
>> parameters; the user is supposed to call `std::move` or the like to fill=
 it=20
>> in. Conceptually, a && parameter is one that is taking an object that it=
=20
>> will move or forward from, not merely modify.
>>
> =20
> This is a good example of the gist of my post.  Flagging a parameter as &=
&=20
> is an ambiguous extension  (universal reference / rvalue reference) of wh=
at=20
> seems like a somewhat awkward convention already.  The suggestion is for=
=20
> syntax that more clearly indicates intent.
>

The intent behind taking a parameter by a concrete rvalue reference is to=
=20
move from it. The intent behind taking a parameter by forwarding reference=
=20
(template-deduced `&&`) is to *forward it*, typically to a function that=20
the caller of this function knows about. In the latter case, the user=20
therefore knows exactly how to treat each parameter it is given: as if they=
=20
had called the function being forwarded to themselves.

In either case, the intent is clear. I don't think we have a big problem=20
with people expecting moves from forwarding reference parameters that don't=
=20
actually get moved from.

Furthermore, there is no discussion about how such declarations would be=20
>> handled at the ABI level. If you're going to radically alter how we decl=
are=20
>> functions, you need to think about these kinds of issues.
>>
> =20
> A related post on S8 discusses the possibility of providing a basic heade=
r=20
> file (with or without Concepts), to permit template compilation, and then=
=20
> subsequent type safe binding of the resulting compilation to actual=20
> parameters, either at compile or run time.  The approach, as for current=
=20
> abstract types, relies on manipulation of resulting "vtables".
>

That essentially answered nothing about how things get handled at the ABI=
=20
level.

The fundamental ABI question for functions is this: you have a function.=20
That function has some "input" and "output" parameters. What is the=20
assembly-level interface between the caller and the callee? Is a particular=
=20
parameter assigned a register or a spot of memory? Is that memory a pointer=
=20
to some object or is it the object itself?

And here's the big part: you must be able to make this determination with *=
just=20
a function's signature*. You cannot rely on *any* details of that=20
function's implementation.

Yes, there are significant trade-offs to be made between concise syntax=20
> (think APL) and verbose syntax with explicit redundancy (think COBOL and=
=20
> XML).  Choices depend on the intended audience for the code.  Mappings to=
=20
> and from common "abstract syntax" is an intriguing possibility, where thi=
s=20
> can lend different aspects of clarity.
>

I'm not sure how having multiple *completely different* syntaxes in a=20
language is supposed to make the language *easier* to understand.

>

--=20
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<div dir=3D"ltr">On Thursday, December 8, 2016 at 11:52:28 AM UTC-5, billc.=
...@gmail.com wrote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0;mar=
gin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D=
"ltr">On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 8:07:18 PM UTC-5, Nicol Bolas wrot=
e:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0;margin-left:0.8ex;bor=
der-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr">On Wednesday, No=
vember 30, 2016 at 6:51:36 PM UTC-5, <a>billc...@gmail.com</a> wrote:<block=
quote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0;margin-left:0.8ex;border-left=
:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><h3><span style=3D"font-=
family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Introduction</span></h3><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:normal"><font face=3D"Times New Roman, =
serif">This somewhat provocative note was posted earlier on the S8 Concepts=
 forum, since it is largely related to templates and Concepts. =C2=A0As it =
did not provoke a response there, I thought it might be of some interest he=
re. =C2=A0</font></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"line-height:normal"><s=
pan style=3D"font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">This note sugge=
sts some generalization and simplification of C++ language syntax, largely =
based on extensions of what is currently in =E2=80=9CConcepts Lite=E2=80=9D=
..=C2=A0 =C2=A0There is some general discussion of reasons for what exists, =
and of future evolution. =C2=A0=C2=A0Since it is a rather long note for a f=
orum entry, skipping to the Examples section might provide a quick overview=
 of some of the resulting possibilities.</span></p></div></blockquote><div>=
<br>It&#39;s probably not a good idea to start by telling the reader to jum=
p to the end if they want to know what you&#39;re actually talking about.<b=
r><br>One of the problems with this is that it&#39;s basically trying to ta=
ckle a bunch of syntactic changes, all of which have fundamentally differen=
t reasons and justifications. Each change is really something that ought to=
 have its own conversation; dumping them in the same thread/paper/etc makes=
 that exceedingly difficult.<br></div></div></blockquote><div>=C2=A0</div><=
div>Clearly the suggestions do indeed need separate detailed and precise pr=
oposals. =C2=A0This is a somewhat different note than is usually found here=
.. =C2=A0It attempts to suggest the possibility for rethinking a major synta=
x revision to dramatically increase the expressiveness and scope of fundame=
ntal C++ abstractions.=C2=A0<br></div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D=
"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0;margin-left:0.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc soli=
d;padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><br>And subjectively, I find your=
 syntax&#39;s copious use of `#` to be like constantly getting poked in the=
 eye.<br></div></div></blockquote><div>=C2=A0</div><div>Clear and simple di=
stinctions among things that look alike, but are fundamentally quite differ=
ent, are useful. Something less intrusive, such as &quot;.&quot;, might wor=
k better. =C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0;m=
argin-left:0.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"l=
tr"><div><br>On your new function declaration syntax, I find your statement=
 that the compiler can arbitrarily determine if a parameter should be taken=
 by value or reference to be... dubious. If a function takes a parameter by=
 &amp;&amp;, how do you say that? It&#39;s an output parameter, but it&#39;=
s not like other output parameters; the user is supposed to call `std::move=
` or the like to fill it in. Conceptually, a &amp;&amp; parameter is one th=
at is taking an object that it will move or forward from, not merely modify=
..<br></div></div></blockquote><div>=C2=A0<br></div><div>This is a good exam=
ple of the gist of my post. =C2=A0Flagging a parameter as &amp;&amp; is an =
ambiguous extension =C2=A0(universal reference / rvalue reference) of what =
seems like a somewhat awkward convention already. =C2=A0The suggestion is f=
or syntax that more clearly indicates intent.<br></div></div></blockquote><=
div><br>The intent behind taking a parameter by a concrete rvalue reference=
 is to move from it. The intent behind taking a parameter by forwarding ref=
erence (template-deduced `&amp;&amp;`) is to <i>forward it</i>, typically t=
o a function that the caller of this function knows about. In the latter ca=
se, the user therefore knows exactly how to treat each parameter it is give=
n: as if they had called the function being forwarded to themselves.<br><br=
>In either case, the intent is clear. I don&#39;t think we have a big probl=
em with people expecting moves from forwarding reference parameters that do=
n&#39;t actually get moved from.<br><br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_qu=
ote" style=3D"margin: 0;margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padd=
ing-left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quot=
e" style=3D"margin:0;margin-left:0.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-l=
eft:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div>Furthermore, there is no discussion about ho=
w such declarations would be handled at the ABI level. If you&#39;re going =
to radically alter how we declare functions, you need to think about these =
kinds of issues.<br></div></div></blockquote><div>=C2=A0</div><div>A relate=
d post on S8 discusses the possibility of providing a basic header file (wi=
th or without Concepts), to permit template compilation, and then subsequen=
t type safe binding of the resulting compilation to actual parameters, eith=
er at compile or run time. =C2=A0The approach, as for current abstract type=
s, relies on manipulation of resulting &quot;vtables&quot;.</div></div></bl=
ockquote><div><br>That essentially answered nothing about how things get ha=
ndled at the ABI level.<br><br>The fundamental ABI question for functions i=
s this: you have a function. That function has some &quot;input&quot; and &=
quot;output&quot; parameters. What is the assembly-level interface between =
the caller and the callee? Is a particular parameter assigned a register or=
 a spot of memory? Is that memory a pointer to some object or is it the obj=
ect itself?<br><br>And here&#39;s the big part: you must be able to make th=
is determination with <i>just a function&#39;s signature</i>. You cannot re=
ly on <i>any</i> details of that function&#39;s implementation.<br><br><blo=
ckquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-le=
ft: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;">Yes, there are signif=
icant trade-offs to be made between concise syntax=20
(think APL) and verbose syntax with explicit redundancy (think COBOL and
 XML). =C2=A0Choices depend on the intended audience for the code. =C2=A0Ma=
ppings=20
to and from common &quot;abstract syntax&quot; is an intriguing possibility=
, where
 this can lend different aspects of clarity.<br></blockquote><div><br>I&#39=
;m not sure how having multiple <i>completely different</i> syntaxes in a l=
anguage is supposed to make the language <i>easier</i> to understand.<br></=
div></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0;margin-left:=
 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"ltr"></d=
iv></blockquote></div>

<p></p>

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40isocpp.org?utm_medium=3Demail&utm_source=3Dfooter">https://groups.google.=
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On Thursday, December 8, 2016 at 8:52:28 AM UTC-8, billc...@gmail.com wrote=
:
>
> On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 8:07:18 PM UTC-5, Nicol Bolas wrote:
>>
>> On your new function declaration syntax, I find your statement that the=
=20
>> compiler can arbitrarily determine if a parameter should be taken by val=
ue=20
>> or reference to be... dubious. If a function takes a parameter by &&, ho=
w=20
>> do you say that? It's an output parameter, but it's not like other outpu=
t=20
>> parameters; the user is supposed to call `std::move` or the like to fill=
 it=20
>> in. Conceptually, a && parameter is one that is taking an object that it=
=20
>> will move or forward from, not merely modify.
>>
> =20
> This is a good example of the gist of my post.  Flagging a parameter as &=
&=20
> is an ambiguous extension  (universal reference / rvalue reference) of wh=
at=20
> seems like a somewhat awkward convention already.  The suggestion is for=
=20
> syntax that more clearly indicates intent.
>

This is a tangent, but FWIW, I don't think there's anything awkward about=
=20
the "&&" syntax for rvalue references and forwarding references. The only=
=20
background information you need in order to understand forwarding=20
references is that an "rvalue" is something that's expendable =E2=80=94 nob=
ody else=20
in the program will care if its innards are ripped out. From this one piece=
=20
of information, we can deduce reference collapsing (i.e., an rvalue=20
reference of an lvalue reference *must* be an lvalue reference, because the=
=20
caller still cares about the referenced object), and from reference=20
collapsing we can deduce the syntax for perfect forwarding.
This isn't a historical explanation of how that syntax was invented =E2=80=
=94 IIUC,=20
it took years and many papers to invent perfect forwarding =E2=80=94 but no=
w that=20
it *has* been invented, it turns out to all fit together very neatly, such=
=20
that you can explain it in a couple of minutes.
C++ has plenty of warts, but move semantics aren't one of them. :)

=E2=80=93Arthur

--=20
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ISO C++ Standard - Future Proposals" group.
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mail to std-proposals+unsubscribe@isocpp.org.
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..org/d/msgid/std-proposals/ee9cd156-8358-43b4-92bd-93a04eff1d11%40isocpp.or=
g.

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<div dir=3D"ltr">On Thursday, December 8, 2016 at 8:52:28 AM UTC-8, billc..=
..@gmail.com wrote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0;marg=
in-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div dir=3D"=
ltr">On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 8:07:18 PM UTC-5, Nicol Bolas wrote=
:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0;margin-left:0.8ex;bord=
er-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div>On your new =
function declaration syntax, I find your statement that the compiler can ar=
bitrarily determine if a parameter should be taken by value or reference to=
 be... dubious. If a function takes a parameter by &amp;&amp;, how do you s=
ay that? It&#39;s an output parameter, but it&#39;s not like other output p=
arameters; the user is supposed to call `std::move` or the like to fill it =
in. Conceptually, a &amp;&amp; parameter is one that is taking an object th=
at it will move or forward from, not merely modify.<br></div></div></blockq=
uote><div>=C2=A0<br></div><div>This is a good example of the gist of my pos=
t. =C2=A0Flagging a parameter as &amp;&amp; is an ambiguous extension =C2=
=A0(universal reference / rvalue reference) of what seems like a somewhat a=
wkward convention already. =C2=A0The suggestion is for syntax that more cle=
arly indicates intent.</div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>This is =
a tangent, but FWIW, I don&#39;t think there&#39;s anything awkward about t=
he &quot;&amp;&amp;&quot; syntax for rvalue references and forwarding refer=
ences. The only background information you need in order to understand forw=
arding references is that an &quot;rvalue&quot; is something that&#39;s exp=
endable =E2=80=94 nobody else in the program will care if its innards are r=
ipped out. From this one piece of information, we can deduce reference coll=
apsing (i.e., an rvalue reference of an lvalue reference <i>must</i> be an =
lvalue reference, because the caller still cares about the referenced objec=
t), and from reference collapsing we can deduce the syntax for perfect forw=
arding.</div><div>This isn&#39;t a historical explanation of how that synta=
x was invented =E2=80=94 IIUC, it took years and many papers to invent perf=
ect forwarding =E2=80=94 but now that it <i>has</i> been invented, it turns=
 out to all fit together very neatly, such that you can explain it in a cou=
ple of minutes.</div><div>C++ has plenty of warts, but move semantics aren&=
#39;t one of them. :)</div><div><br></div><div>=E2=80=93Arthur</div></div>

<p></p>

-- <br />
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..org">std-proposals@isocpp.org</a>.<br />
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om/a/isocpp.org/d/msgid/std-proposals/ee9cd156-8358-43b4-92bd-93a04eff1d11%=
40isocpp.org?utm_medium=3Demail&utm_source=3Dfooter">https://groups.google.=
com/a/isocpp.org/d/msgid/std-proposals/ee9cd156-8358-43b4-92bd-93a04eff1d11=
%40isocpp.org</a>.<br />

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On Thursday, December 8, 2016 at 7:40:33 PM UTC-5, Arthur O'Dwyer wrote:
>
> On Thursday, December 8, 2016 at 8:52:28 AM UTC-8, billc...@gmail.com=20
> wrote:
>>
>> On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 8:07:18 PM UTC-5, Nicol Bolas wrote:
>>>
>>> On your new function declaration syntax, I find your statement that the=
=20
>>> compiler can arbitrarily determine if a parameter should be taken by va=
lue=20
>>> or reference to be... dubious. If a function takes a parameter by &&, h=
ow=20
>>> do you say that? It's an output parameter, but it's not like other outp=
ut=20
>>> parameters; the user is supposed to call `std::move` or the like to fil=
l it=20
>>> in. Conceptually, a && parameter is one that is taking an object that i=
t=20
>>> will move or forward from, not merely modify.
>>>
>> =20
>> This is a good example of the gist of my post.  Flagging a parameter as=
=20
>> && is an ambiguous extension  (universal reference / rvalue reference) o=
f=20
>> what seems like a somewhat awkward convention already.  The suggestion i=
s=20
>> for syntax that more clearly indicates intent.
>>
>
> This is a tangent, but FWIW, I don't think there's anything awkward about=
=20
> the "&&" syntax for rvalue references and forwarding references. The only=
=20
> background information you need in order to understand forwarding=20
> references is that an "rvalue" is something that's expendable =E2=80=94 n=
obody else=20
> in the program will care if its innards are ripped out. From this one pie=
ce=20
> of information, we can deduce reference collapsing (i.e., an rvalue=20
> reference of an lvalue reference *must* be an lvalue reference, because=
=20
> the caller still cares about the referenced object),
>

But that presupposes template argument deduction of an argument as a=20
reference, rather than just deducing the `T` as a `T`. That is, it assumes=
=20
that given:

some_type some_value =3D ...;

template<typename T>
void foo(T &&t);

That when you call it with `foo(some_value)`, you want to call=20
`foo<some_type&>(some_value)` instead of `foo<some_type>(some_value)`.=20
After all, `some_value` is not necessarily a reference. It's only the=20
template argument deduction rules that will deduce the `T` as a reference=
=20
type.

After all, if you have this:

template<typename T>
void bar(T t);

Calling `bar(some_value)` will deduce `T` as `some_type`, not as=20
`some_type&`.

The rule that differentiates them is [temp.deduct.call]/3, which explicitly=
=20
states:

> A forwarding reference is an rvalue reference to a cv-unqualified=20
template parameter that does not represent a template parameter of a class=
=20
template (during class template argument deduction (13.3.1.8)). If P is a=
=20
forwarding reference and the argument is an lvalue, the type =E2=80=9Clvalu=
e=20
reference to A =E2=80=9D is used in place of A for type deduction.

So you can't say that there's no other special rules in play other than=20
reference collapsing. Without this other rule, forwarding references would=
=20
work incorrectly on lvalues, as they would deduce to rvalue references.

Not to mention, there are cases when you *really do* want `foo` to mean "a=
=20
function which can take an rvalue reference to any type" rather than "a=20
function which takes a reference to any type". These are two different=20
concepts, usable at two different times, so it's not unreasonable to want=
=20
two different syntaxes for them.

--=20
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "=
ISO C++ Standard - Future Proposals" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an e=
mail to std-proposals+unsubscribe@isocpp.org.
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<div dir=3D"ltr"><br><br>On Thursday, December 8, 2016 at 7:40:33 PM UTC-5,=
 Arthur O&#39;Dwyer wrote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin=
: 0;margin-left: 0.8ex;border-left: 1px #ccc solid;padding-left: 1ex;"><div=
 dir=3D"ltr">On Thursday, December 8, 2016 at 8:52:28 AM UTC-8, <a>billc...=
@gmail.com</a> wrote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0;ma=
rgin-left:0.8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"lt=
r">On Wednesday, November 30, 2016 at 8:07:18 PM UTC-5, Nicol Bolas wrote:<=
blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0;margin-left:0.8ex;border=
-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div>On your new fu=
nction declaration syntax, I find your statement that the compiler can arbi=
trarily determine if a parameter should be taken by value or reference to b=
e... dubious. If a function takes a parameter by &amp;&amp;, how do you say=
 that? It&#39;s an output parameter, but it&#39;s not like other output par=
ameters; the user is supposed to call `std::move` or the like to fill it in=
.. Conceptually, a &amp;&amp; parameter is one that is taking an object that=
 it will move or forward from, not merely modify.<br></div></div></blockquo=
te><div>=C2=A0<br></div><div>This is a good example of the gist of my post.=
 =C2=A0Flagging a parameter as &amp;&amp; is an ambiguous extension =C2=A0(=
universal reference / rvalue reference) of what seems like a somewhat awkwa=
rd convention already. =C2=A0The suggestion is for syntax that more clearly=
 indicates intent.</div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>This is a ta=
ngent, but FWIW, I don&#39;t think there&#39;s anything awkward about the &=
quot;&amp;&amp;&quot; syntax for rvalue references and forwarding reference=
s. The only background information you need in order to understand forwardi=
ng references is that an &quot;rvalue&quot; is something that&#39;s expenda=
ble =E2=80=94 nobody else in the program will care if its innards are rippe=
d out. From this one piece of information, we can deduce reference collapsi=
ng (i.e., an rvalue reference of an lvalue reference <i>must</i> be an lval=
ue reference, because the caller still cares about the referenced object),<=
/div></div></blockquote><div><br>But that presupposes template argument ded=
uction of an argument as a reference, rather than just deducing the `T` as =
a `T`. That is, it assumes that given:<br><br><div style=3D"background-colo=
r: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-style: soli=
d; border-width: 1px; overflow-wrap: break-word;" class=3D"prettyprint"><co=
de class=3D"prettyprint"><div class=3D"subprettyprint"><span style=3D"color=
: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">some_type some_value </span><span sty=
le=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">=3D</span><span style=3D"c=
olor: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> </span><span style=3D"color: #66=
0;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">...;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" cl=
ass=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br><br></span><span style=3D"color: #008;" clas=
s=3D"styled-by-prettify">template</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify">&lt;</span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"st=
yled-by-prettify">typename</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styl=
ed-by-prettify"> T</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-pr=
ettify">&gt;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify=
"><br></span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">void=
</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> foo</span=
><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">(</span><span st=
yle=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">T </span><span style=3D"c=
olor: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">&amp;&amp;</span><span style=3D"c=
olor: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">t</span><span style=3D"color: #66=
0;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">);</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" clas=
s=3D"styled-by-prettify"><br></span></div></code></div><br>That when you ca=
ll it with `foo(some_value)`, you want to call `foo&lt;some_type&amp;&gt;(s=
ome_value)` instead of `foo&lt;some_type&gt;(some_value)`. After all, `some=
_value` is not necessarily a reference. It&#39;s only the template argument=
 deduction rules that will deduce the `T` as a reference type.<br><br>After=
 all, if you have this:<br><br><div style=3D"background-color: rgb(250, 250=
, 250); border-color: rgb(187, 187, 187); border-style: solid; border-width=
: 1px; overflow-wrap: break-word;" class=3D"prettyprint"><code class=3D"pre=
ttyprint"><div class=3D"subprettyprint"><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify">template</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=
=3D"styled-by-prettify">&lt;</span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"st=
yled-by-prettify">typename</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styl=
ed-by-prettify"> T</span><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-pr=
ettify">&gt;</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify=
"><br></span><span style=3D"color: #008;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">void=
</span><span style=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify"> bar</span=
><span style=3D"color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">(</span><span st=
yle=3D"color: #000;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">T t</span><span style=3D"=
color: #660;" class=3D"styled-by-prettify">);</span></div></code></div><br>=
Calling `bar(some_value)` will deduce `T` as `some_type`, not as `some_type=
&amp;`.<br><br>The rule that differentiates them is [temp.deduct.call]/3, w=
hich explicitly states:<br><br>&gt; A forwarding reference is an rvalue ref=
erence to a cv-unqualified template parameter that does not represent a tem=
plate parameter of a class template (during class template argument deducti=
on (13.3.1.8)). If P is a forwarding reference and the argument is an lvalu=
e, the type =E2=80=9Clvalue reference to A =E2=80=9D is used in place of A =
for type deduction.<br><br>So you can&#39;t say that there&#39;s no other s=
pecial rules in play other than reference collapsing. Without this other ru=
le, forwarding references would work incorrectly on lvalues, as they would =
deduce to rvalue references.<br><br>Not to mention, there are cases when yo=
u <i>really do</i> want `foo` to mean &quot;a function which can take an rv=
alue reference to any type&quot; rather than &quot;a function which takes a=
 reference to any type&quot;. These are two different concepts, usable at t=
wo different times, so it&#39;s not unreasonable to want two different synt=
axes for them.</div><br></div>

<p></p>

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